The Pros and Cons of Growth Factors and Cytokines in Peripheral Axon Regeneration

Klimaschewski, Lars; Hausott, Barbara; Angelov, Doychin N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00006-x

Cited by 57 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 215 publications

(229 reference statements)

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“…FGF-2 is expressed in three isoforms that are upregulated after nerve injury (Klimaschewski et al, 2013). FGF-2 18 KDa isoform mainly enhances motor functional recovery with some effects on sensory functional recovery (Allodi et al, 2014;Haastert et al, 2006;Meyer et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focal release of neurotrophic factors by biodegradable microspheres enhance motor and sensory axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2016

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Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) promote nerve regeneration and neuronal survival after peripheral nerve injury. However, drawbacks related with administration and bioactivity during long periods limit their therapeutic application. In this study, PLGA microspheres (MPs) were used to locally release different NTFs and evaluate whether they accelerate axonal regeneration in comparison with free NTFs or controls. ELISA, SEM, UV/visible light microscopy, organotypic cultures of DRG explants and spinal cord slices were used to characterize MP properties and the bioactivity of the released NTFs. Results of organotypic cultures showed that encapsulated NTFs maintain longer bioactivity and enhance neurite regeneration of both sensory and motor neurons compared with free NTFs. For in vivo assays, the rat sciatic nerve was transected and repaired with a silicone tube filled with collagen gel or collagen mixed with PBS encapsulated MPs (control groups) and with free or encapsulated NGF, BDNF, GDNF or FGF-2. After 20 days, a retrotracer was applied to the regenerated nerve to quantify motor and sensory axonal regeneration. NTF encapsulation in MPs improved regeneration of both motor and sensory axons, as evidenced by increased numbers of retrolabeled neurons. Hence, our results show that slow release of NTFs with PLGA MP enhance nerve regeneration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focal release of neurotrophic factors by biodegradable microspheres enhance motor and sensory axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2016

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“…They affect several vital aspects of regeneration, including axon growth, SC function and myelination (38). GDNF, BDNF and CNTF are several important neurotrophic factors that are important in the process of nerve cell regeneration (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baicalin promotes the viability of Schwann cells in vitro by regulating neurotrophic factors

Zuo

Zhang

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. The proliferation and migration of Schwann cells (SCs) are key events in the process of peripheral nerve repair. This is required to promote the growth of SCs and is a challenge during the treatment of peripheral nerve injury. Baicalin is a natural herb-derived flavonoid compound, which has been reported to possess neuroprotective effects on rats with permanent brain ischemia and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells. The association of baicalin with neuroprotection leads to the suggestion that baicalin may exert effects on the growth of SCs. In the present study, the effects of baicalin on SCs of RSC96 were investigated. RSC96 SCs were treated with various concentrations of baicalin (0, 5, 10 or 20 µM) for 2, 4 and 6 days. Cell attachment, viability and gene expression were monitored via the MTT assay and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The gene expression levels of several neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor, which are considered important factors in the process of never cell regeneration, were detected. The results indicated that baicalin was able to promote the viability of RSC96 SCs in a dose-dependent manner and the concentration of 20 µM of baicalin exhibited the greatest cell viability and gene expression of the studied neurotrophic factors. The present findings suggested that baicalin likely affects SCs metabolism, through modulating the expression of neurotrophic factors. To conclude, the present study indicates that baicalin may be potential therapeutic agent for treating peripheral nerve regeneration.

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“…PNS injury leads to Wallerian degeneration in the distal stump and ASCs proliferate to form bands of Bungner as cellular scaffold, providing the essential guidance and support for regenerating axons [24, 25]. In addition, when PNS was injured, NSCs changed into ASCs to work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of DNA Methylation in Schwann Cells before and after Peripheral Nerve Injury in Rats

Zhou

Lin

Ren

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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This study aims to find the difference of genomewide DNA methylation in Schwann cells (SCs) before and after peripheral nerve system (PNS) injury by Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) and seek meaningful differentially methylated genes related to repairment of injured PNS. SCs harvested from sciatic nerve were named as activated Schwann cells (ASCs), and the ones harvested from brachial plexus were named as normal Schwann cells (NSCs). Genomic DNA of ASCs and NSCs were isolated and MeDIP-Seq was conducted. Differentially methylated genes and regions were discovered and analyzed by bioinformatic methods. MeDIP-Seq analysis showed methylation differences were identified between ASCs and NSCs. The distribution of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) peaks in different components of genome was mainly located in distal intergenic regions. GO and KEGG analysis of these methylated genes were also conducted. The expression patterns of hypermethylated genes (Dgcr8, Zeb2, Dixdc1, Sox2, and Shh) and hypomethylated genes (Gpr126, Birc2) detected by qRT-PCR were opposite to the MeDIP analysis data with significance (p < 0.05), which proved MeDIP analysis data were real and believable. Our data serve as a basis for understanding the injury-induced epigenetic changes in SCs and the foundation for further studies on repair of PNS injury.

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The Pros and Cons of Growth Factors and Cytokines in Peripheral Axon Regeneration

Cited by 57 publications

References 215 publications

Focal release of neurotrophic factors by biodegradable microspheres enhance motor and sensory axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo

Focal release of neurotrophic factors by biodegradable microspheres enhance motor and sensory axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo

Baicalin promotes the viability of Schwann cells in vitro by regulating neurotrophic factors

Comparison of DNA Methylation in Schwann Cells before and after Peripheral Nerve Injury in Rats

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