The Proximity Compatibility Principle: Its Psychological Foundation and Relevance to Display Design

Wickens, Christopher D.; Carswell, C. Melody

doi:10.1518/001872095779049408

Cited by 531 publications

(388 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The cognitive integration component is a novel process of direct comparisons of visual clusters and differs from Carpenter and Shah's model. This model also describes the spatial component of integration more explicitly than Gillian and Lewis (1994) and Wickens and Carswell (1995) and further illustrates the importance of spatial processing, as other authors have claimed (Trafton et. al., 2000;Trickett & Trafton, 2006).…”

Section: The Integration Of Informationsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The process of explicitly comparing visual clusters is a critical component of integration. Gillian and Lewis' (1994) model and the proximity compatibility principle (Wickens & Carswell, 1995) stress the importance of a spatial component for integration. Our framework suggests that spatial processing is required for both visual and cognitive integration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that in order to account for information integration, spatial processing is also required. Wickens and Carswell (1995) have proposed the proximity compatibility principle, which suggests that information that needs to be integrated should be close in perceptual proximity.…”

Section: The Integration Of Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thinking graphically: Connecting vision and cognition during graph comprehension.

Ratwani

Trafton

Boehm‐Davis

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. Task analytic theories of graph comprehension account for the perceptual and conceptual processes required to extract specific information from graphs (Carpenter & Shah, 1998 Kosslyn, 1989; Lohse, 1993; Pinker, 1990). Comparatively, the processes underlying information integration have received less attention. We propose a new framework for information integration that highlights visual integration and cognitive integration. During visual integration, pattern recognition processes are used to form visual clusters of information; these visual clusters are then used to reason about the graph during cognitive integration. In three experiments the processes required to extract specific information and to integrate information were examined by collecting verbal protocol and eye movement data. Results supported the task analytic theories for specific information extraction and the processes of visual and cognitive integration for integrative questions. Further, the integrative processes scaled up as graph complexity increased, highlighting the importance of these processes for integration in more complex graphs. Finally, based on this framework, design principles to improve both visual and cognitive integration are described. Ratwani, Trafton, & Boehm-Davis: Thinking Graphically 2 AbstractTask analytic theories of graph comprehension account for the perceptual and conceptual processes required to extract specific information from graphs (Carpenter & Shah, 1998;Kosslyn, 1989;Lohse, 1993;Pinker, 1990). Comparatively, the processes underlying information integration have received less attention. We propose a new framework for information integration that highlights visual integration and cognitive integration. During visual integration, pattern recognition processes are used to form visual clusters of information; these visual clusters are then used to reason about the graph during cognitive integration. In three experiments the processes required to extract specific information and to integrate information were examined by collecting verbal protocol and eye movement data. Results supported the task analytic theories for specific information extraction and the processes of visual and cognitive integration for inte...

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Section: The Integration Of Informationsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thinking graphically: Connecting vision and cognition during graph comprehension.

Ratwani

Trafton

Boehm‐Davis

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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“…This is partly because the 3D and 2D graphical displays integrated output, capacity, and reserve into a single object for each generator, which supported the divided attention and parallel mental processing required for the solution task, as predicted by [13], [17], and [18] and consistent with the results of [19]. Because precise judgments were not explicitly required to solve the line flow violations, the 2D numerical display, which would normally improve performance in this type of task, was of lesser value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Human factors aspects of three-dimensional visualization of power system information

Wiegmann¹,

Overbye²,

Hoppe

et al. 2006

2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting

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Abstract--This paper presents experimental results associated with human factors aspects of using three-dimensional (3D) visualizations to display electric power system generation information on one-line diagrams. The paper's results are based on an experiment performed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign using electric power system students. The results indicate that compared to standard 2D one-line displays, 3D visualizations of generator output and reserves can be used successfully on one-line displays to improve both the speed and accuracy of certain tasks. Index Terms-Power System Operations and Planning, Power System Visualization, 3D, Human Factors I. INTRODUCTIONPower system analysis and operations requires the consideration of a large amount of multivariate data. For example, even in a simple power flow application data of interest includes a potentially large number of independent and dependent variables, such as transmission lines flows, bus voltages, generator real/reactive outputs and reserves, transformer tap positions, flowgate values, and scheduled versus actual power transactions. With systems containing tens of thousands of buses, a key challenge is to present this data in a form so one can assess the state of the system in a quick and intuitive manner.The information associated with power systems has usually been presented using a two-dimensional (2D) display space, often consisting of either a one-line diagram or tabular list displays. However, over the last several years this pattern has begun to change as new visualization techniques are developed and integrated into both power system analysis software and utility control centers. One such technique, made possible by recent increases in computing power, is the interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualization of power system information. An early application of 3D for power system information visualization is [1] in which simple 3D graphics are used to show power system voltage security. A few years later the use of 3D is presented for plant andThe authors would like to acknowledge the support of NSF through its grants EEC 96-15792 and DMI 00-60329, PSERC, and the U.S. DOE through its Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) program.

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“…. We were also guided by the proximity-compatibility principle (PCP) that promotes the physical co-location and organization of information that needs to be mentally integrated [26,27]. After sketching out several spatial representations, we came up with a simple chart structure using vertical spatial location to encode temporal information and horizontal spatial location to represent the different locations of the problems.…”

Section: : Designing An Information Visualisation Based On Spatialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing dynamic interactive visualisations to support collaboration and cognition

Rogers

Brignull

Scaife

Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation

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The Proximity Compatibility Principle: Its Psychological Foundation and Relevance to Display Design

Cited by 531 publications

References 72 publications

Thinking graphically: Connecting vision and cognition during graph comprehension.

Thinking graphically: Connecting vision and cognition during graph comprehension.

Human factors aspects of three-dimensional visualization of power system information

Designing dynamic interactive visualisations to support collaboration and cognition

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