The Psychobiology of Neglect

Bellis, Michael D. De

doi:10.1177/1077559505275116

Cited by 426 publications

(386 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…These findings are consistent with results from several animal studies [8,28]. De Bellis [12] considered feelings of neglect or reports of having been neglected during childhood and adolescence as reflecting a chronic stressor that causes anxiety-and depressive disorders during child and/or adulthood, and most likely, a dysregulation of the biological stress system. Ehnvall [13] found that patients with severe treatmentrefractory affective disorders have perceived themselves as not wanted by their parents.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Suicide attempters: biological stressmarkers and adverse life events

Sunnqvist

Westrin

Träskman‐Bendz

2008

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosc

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j Abstract Risk factors for suicidal behaviour include adverse life events as well as biochemical parameters acting, e.g. within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and/or monoaminergic systems. The aim of the present investigation was to study stressful life events and biological stress markers among former psychiatric inpatients, who were followed up 12 years after an index suicide attempt. At the time of the index suicide attempt, and before treatment, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were taken, and 24 h (h) urine (U) was collected. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycole (MHPG) in CSF and 24 h urinary samples of cortisol and noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) were analysed. Data concerning stressful life events were collected retrospectively from all participants in the study through semi-structured interviews at follow-up. We found that patients who reported sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence had significantly higher levels of CSF-MHPG and U-NA/A, than those who had not. Low 24 h U-cortisol was associated with feelings of neglect during childhood and adolescence. In conclusion, this study has shown significant and discrepant biological stress-system findings in relation to some adverse life events. j Key words suicide attempt AE catecholaminergic markers AE U-cortisol AE adverse life events

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Suicide attempters: biological stressmarkers and adverse life events

Sunnqvist

Westrin

Träskman‐Bendz

2008

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosc

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“…Decreased cortisol reactivity (blunting), conversely, has been found in young adolescents exposed to cocaine , a relationship moderated by exposure to domestic violence. Similarly, stressful early environments have been implicated in both increased and decreased cortisol reactivity, with chronicity and severity implicated as moderators (De Bellis, 2005;Heim et al, 2000). These fi ndings support the hypothesis that although higher rates of stress may initially result in an overactive HPA axis, underactivation may be a longterm consequence of chronic and severe exposure (McEwen, 1998).…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

Cortisol Reactivity in Two-Year-Old Children Prenatally Exposed to Methamphetamine

Kirlić

Newman²,

LaGasse³

et al. 2013

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Until now, the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) had been unexamined. Previous research indicates that prenatal exposure to stimulant drugs is associated with dose-response alterations in neural growth and connectivity and consequent neurobehavioral defi cits. In addition, children of drug-using parents are at an increased risk for exposure to chronic postnatal stress. In this preliminary study, we examined the associations of PME and postnatal environmental stress with cortisol stress reactivity in children with PME. Method: Participants were 2-year-old children (N = 123; 55.3% male) with PME from a multicenter longitudinal Infant, Development, Environment, and Lifestyle Study. Saliva samples were obtained before and after a stress-inducing separation task. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses examined prenatal drug exposure, methodological and postnatal stress covariates, and interactions between levels of PME and postnatal stress. Results: Mild to moderate potential for child physical abuse moderated increased cortisol reactivity in high exposed children with PME. Blunted cortisol reactivity was associated with caregiver's postnatal alcohol use, child's behavioral dysregulation, and the interaction between higher levels of PME and caregiver's psychopathology. Conclusions: Consistent with the known effects of stimulant drugs and chronically stressful environments on the HPA axis and, thus, the toxic stress and allostatic load phenomena, our results imply that elevated PME may be associated with alterations in the programming of the HPA axis refl ecting hyperactivity, which under signifi cant and chronic environmental stress then may become hypoactive. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 74, 447-451, 2013)

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“…The lack of a stable caregiver is a stressor in human infant development (49), with institutionalized children showing increased anxiety and disrupted socio-emotional functioning (27)(28)(29)(30)(49)(50)(51). In nonhuman primates, social deprivation studies have similarly demonstrated the role of species-typical maternal care in the development of cognitive and socio-emotional functioning (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Socially deprived children demonstrate poor emotional and social competence, including lower sympathetic concern, increased risk for psychiatric disorders, and enlarged amygdala volumes, indicative of high anxiety (27)(28)(29)(30). Although adoptive care can mitigate these negative effects, orphaned children typically show lasting socio-emotional disruptions (30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos

Clay

Waal

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Social and emotional skills are tightly interlinked in human development, and both are negatively impacted by disrupted social development. The same interplay between social and emotional skills, including expressions of empathy, has received scant attention in other primates however, despite the growing interest in caring, friendships, and the fitness benefits of social skills. Here we examine the development of socio-emotional competence in juvenile bonobos (Pan paniscus) at a sanctuary in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on the interplay between various skills, including empathy-related responding. Most subjects were rehabilitated orphans, but some were born at the sanctuary and mother-reared there. We observed how juveniles with different rearing backgrounds responded to stressful events, both when the stress affected themselves (e.g., a lost fight) or others (e.g., witnessing the distress of others). The main dependent variable was the consolation of distressed parties by means of calming body contact. As in children, consolation was predicted by overall social competence and effective emotion regulation, as reflected in the speed of recovery from self-distress and behavioral measures of anxiety. Juveniles more effective at self-regulation were more likely to console others in distress, and such behavior was more typical of mother-reared juveniles than orphans. These results highlight the interplay between the development of social and emotional skills in our ape relatives and the importance of the mother-offspring bond in shaping socio-emotional competence.social deprivation | sympathetic concern | emotional control | personal distress S ocio-emotional competence encompasses an array of skills, such as successfully forming and maintaining social relationships, behaving appropriately in social situations, being sensitive to the emotions of others, and effectively managing one's own emotions (1). Emotion regulation (ER) is an essential part of socio-emotional competence and is defined as the process of modifying, inhibiting, evaluating, and monitoring internal states and reactions to enable an individual to adaptively respond to arousing situations so as to achieve individual goals (1, 2). Throughout development, social and emotional skills are tightly interconnected and "people who are unable to modulate the intensity and duration of their internal emotional responses and emotionally driven behavior are likely to be physiologically overaroused and to behave in ways that do not foster constructive social interactions" (3).Studies of child development show that effectively managing one's own emotions allows for greater empathy with others, including caring responses known as sympathetic concern (4-6).

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The Psychobiology of Neglect

Cited by 426 publications

References 171 publications

Suicide attempters: biological stressmarkers and adverse life events

Suicide attempters: biological stressmarkers and adverse life events

Cortisol Reactivity in Two-Year-Old Children Prenatally Exposed to Methamphetamine

Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos

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