The Psychology of Friendship Relations: Social Factors

Albert, Robert S.; Brigante, Thomas R.

doi:10.1080/00224545.1962.9919371

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In this relationship, subordinates willingly reciprocate the care and protection of parental authority by showing conformity (Aycan et al , 2000; Pellegrini and Scandura, 2007). Similarly, to conceive relationships as a circle of friends may bring in the element of support, trust, happiness, love and a willingness to help unconditionally, to the sense-making of employees (Albert and Brigante, 1962; Rumens, 2016). In this way, through metaphorical framing, there is a strong possibility that employees do not conceptualize organizational reality in bureaucratic terms but in familial terms.…”

Section: Findings: Agential Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agential explanations: how employee participation is enhanced in normatively controlled organizations?

Hassan

Nadeem

2023

MRR

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Purpose The study aims to highlight and understand, and bring the human agency into the debate on the theory of normative control. While, the previous literature has highlighted the problem of the missing subject. However, the actual human agency in terms of agential properties has not been seriously addressed. This study is an attempt to overcome this problem of the missing subject. Design/methodology/approach A two-phase design inspired by retroductive inference was adopted for this study. In the first phase, abduction was used to explore the literature on normative control to highlight the forces of attraction, which may pull the employees to participate willingly within normative control systems. In the second phase, following retroductive inference, agential explanations of the forces of attraction identified in the first phase were explored by venturing into other related fields, e.g. psychology and sociology. Findings The study highlights four strategies used by organizations using normative control, i.e. comfort zoning, relational bonding, moral trapping and elitist appeal. These strategies rely on attractive forces. These forces of attraction pull employees to participate in the normative control system. The attractive element in the identified strategies is due to the fact that these strategies target specific agential properties, i.e. the need for comfort, sense of belonging, moral agency and pride. Overall, the findings suggest that individuals drive their concerns from culture but in relation to their capacity as needy beings for being enculturated. Practical implications Theoretically, this study adds conceptual strength to the explanations of normative control. It is suggested that neglect of human agency renders explanations conceptually weak. The study fills this gap in the research. Practically, this study would be beneficial for better design and implementation of normative control. Several studies have pointed out that normative control does not yield the intended results. Out of many reasons, a lack of understanding of human agency is a major cause of unsuccessful attempts to normatively control employees. This study provides some basis to understand the human subject for better design of soft systems of control. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research study that explores agential properties with reference to normative control systems. This study is important for researchers and practitioners.

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Section: Findings: Agential Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agential explanations: how employee participation is enhanced in normatively controlled organizations?

Hassan

Nadeem

2023

MRR

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“…Persons are led to strive for certain goals, but are frustrated by the actual or perceived structure of the social system (Besag, 1966;Clinard, 1964;Davol & Reimanis, 1959;Durkheim, 1951;Merton, 1957). Assuming that close friendship is perceived as important and necessary (Albert & Brigante, 1962;Cohen, 1961;Weinberg, 1970), we would expect that structural factors-actual or perceived-which make the development or maintenance of close friendships more difficult would be anomia producing. When members of a communication network perceive that large amounts of effort are required to maintain relationships, we would expect to witness a discrepancy between the goals (i.e., maintenance of close friendships) and the means of reaching them.…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomia and Close Friendship Communication Networks

Parks

1977

Human Comm Res

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A causal model relating aspects of interpersonal communication to anomia was tested with a sample of 58 students. While the overall model failed to fit the data, several specific hypotheses were supported. Both perceived similarity among members of close friendship networks and the level of interpersonal communication skills were negatively related to anomia. Residential mobility and anomia were positively associated. The level of communication network integration (connectedness) was not related to anornia, but the level of perceived communication effort was negatively associated with the level of network integration.

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