The Quantitative Distribution of 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine in the Invertebrates, Especially in Their Nervous Systems*

Welsh, John H.; Moorhead, Merilyn

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1960.tb13460.x

Cited by 345 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…dopaminergic innervation from their ganglia . Serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation are present in the ganglia, branchial nerves and gill tissue of M. edulis (Blaschko and Milton, 1960;Welsh and Moorehead, 1960;Aiello and Guideri, 1966;Finch, 1972,Stefano andAiello, 1975;Stefano, et al, 1976,1977a, Stefano, et al, b,c Catapane, 1982a. The CG and VG contain serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons (Stefano and Aiello, 1975;Stefano et al, 1976) that can be activated by either electrical stimulation or superfusion of the neurotransmitters directly to the ganglia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nervous system control of lateral ciliary activity of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

Carroll

Catapane

2007

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lateral cilia of the gill of Mytilus edulis are controlled by a reciprocal serotonergic-dopaminergic innervation from their ganglia. Other bivalves have been studied to lesser degrees and lateral cilia of most respond to serotonin and dopamine when applied directly to the gill indicating a possible neuro or endocrine mechanism. Lateral cilia in Crassostrea virginica are affected by serotonin and dopamine, but little work has been done regarding ganglionic control of their cilia. We examined the role of the cerebral and visceral ganglia in innervating the lateral ciliated cells of the gill epithelium of C. virginica. Ciliary beating rates were measured in preparations which had the ipsilateral cerebral or visceral ganglia attached. Superfusion of the cerebral or visceral ganglia with serotonin increased ciliary beating rates which was antagonized by pretreating with methysergide. Superfusion with dopamine decreased beating rates and was antagonized by ergonovine. This study demonstrates there is a reciprocal serotonergic-dopaminergic innervation of the lateral ciliated cells, similar to that of M. edulis, originating in the cerebral and visceral ganglia of the animal and this preparation is a useful model to study regulatory mechanisms of ciliary activity as well as the pharmacology of drugs affecting biogenic amines in nervous systems.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nervous system control of lateral ciliary activity of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

Carroll

Catapane

2007

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…5-Hydroxytryptamine is known to stimulate the clam heart in very low concentrations (Welsh, 1953;Paasonen & Giarman, 1958). Since 5-hydroxytryptamine is known to be present in the heart of Venus mercenaria (Welsh & Moorhead, 1960), the following experiments were carried out to test for a possible release of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine by ganglioside: 20 ,ug/ml. of 2-bromo-(+)-lysergic acid diethylamide, which completely blocked the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (Welsh & McCoy, 1957), was present in the bath before the administration of 100 Mg/ml.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Pharmacological Properties of Brain Ganglioside

Bogoch

Paasonen

Trendelenburg

1962

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of a preparation of purified brain ganglioside and of neuraminic acid have been studied on various pharmacological test preparations. In concentrations of 10 μg/ml. or more, ganglioside stimulates the isolated guinea‐pig ileum; graded responses are usually obtained. Various substances, known to antagonize the actions of other stimulant substances, fail to affect the response to ganglioside. Ganglioside and neuraminic acid neither stimulate the superior cervical ganglion of the cat nor do they affect ganglionic transmission. Ganglioside and neuraminic acid did not change the response of the frog rectus abdominis muscle to acetylcholine, nor did they affect the blood pressure of the cat. Ganglioside (2 μg/ml. or more) stimulates the isolated heart of Venus mercenaria, but the response, which develops slowly, decreases with repeated administration of ganglioside. The response is not blocked by 2‐bromo‐lysergic acid diethylamide and there is no indication that it is due to the liberation of endogenous 5‐hydroxytryptamine or related indole compounds. For both the heart of Venus mercenaria and guinea‐pig ileum, the activity demonstrated by brain ganglioside is specifically a property of the whole molecule, since neither neuraminic acid itself nor a preparation of brain ganglioside from which only two‐thirds of its neuraminic acid had been removed are active.

show abstract

“…The important part played by this substance in the functioning of the vertebrate brain (see the review by Page, 1958) might suggest a 'neurotoxic' role for this constituent of venom, but in vertebrates, at least, this does not seem to be borne out in practice, though in crustaceans it acts as a powerful paralysant. Thus in cephalopods the role played by 5-hydroxytryptamine and by other indole derivatives in the salivary glands seems to be one of paralysing the crustacean prey (see Erspamer, 1954), while Welsh & Moorhead (1960) suggest that in the saliva of carnivorous gastropods it serves to relax the muscles of the molluscan prey. But there is no evidence that weeverfish use their sting in feeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the sting of the nettle seems to be directed chiefly against mammals, which of the terrestrial fauna are the only creatures which are big and clumsy enough to be stung. Welsh & Moorhead (1960) suggest that the most important role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in venoms' could be the facilitation of the absorption and distribution of the true toxic components through its own action on permeability and circulation'. Although this may well be an important part of its role in venoms (see also Page, 1958) it remains for the moment pure supposition, without direct supporting evidence, and I would incline rather to the view of Adam & Weiss (1959) that the pain produced by this substance upon subcutaneous injection has in itself survival value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the venom of the lesser weeverfish,Trachinus vipera

Carlisle

1962

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYA method is described for obtaining the venom from the dorsal fin of the lesser weever without harming the fish. It is suggested that the amount of venom normally injected into the wound by the weever when it stings is O-5-O-2 mg dry weight of venom. Some 60% of the dry weight of the venom appears to consist of toxic muco-substances, which have a neurotoxic effect, but are without toxic effect on the blood. In extracts this fraction may be separated into two albumins and an amino polysaccharide, though in the native venom these are probably associated into a single complex mucosubstance. When injected subcutaneously this fraction of the venom produces no local pain. The venom also contains about 1-20 jug/mg (dry-weight basis) of 5-hydroxytryptamine which appears to be the origin of the pain of the sting, together with some undetermined histamine releaser (not an indole) of low molecular weight. It is suggested that the chief role of the 5-hydroxytryptamine in the venom is to produce pain around the area of the inflicted wound.

show abstract

The Quantitative Distribution of 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine in the Invertebrates, Especially in Their Nervous Systems*

Cited by 345 publications

References 35 publications

The nervous system control of lateral ciliary activity of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

The nervous system control of lateral ciliary activity of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

Some Pharmacological Properties of Brain Ganglioside

On the venom of the lesser weeverfish,Trachinus vipera

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About