The radiative role of ozone and water vapour in the annual temperature cycle in the tropical tropopause layer

Abstract

Abstract. The structure and amplitude of the radiative contributions of the annual cycles in ozone and water vapour to the prominent annual cycle in temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are considered. This is done initially through a seasonally evolving fixed dynamical heating (SEFDH) calculation. The annual cycle in ozone is found to drive significant temperature changes predominantly locally (in the vertical) and roughly in phase with the observed TTL annual cycle. In contrast, temperature changes driven by the annual cycle in water vapour are out of phase with the latter. The effects are weaker than those of ozone but still quantitatively significant, particularly near the cold point (100 to 90 hPa) where there are substantial non-local effects from variations in water vapour in lower layers of the TTL. The combined radiative heating effect of the annual cycles in ozone and water vapour maximizes above the cold point and is one factor contributing to the vertical structure of the amplitude of the annual cycle in lower-stratospheric temperatures, which has a relatively localized maximum around 70 hPa. Other important factors are identified here: radiative damping timescales, which are shown to maximize over a deep layer centred on the cold point; the vertical structure of the dynamical heating; and non-radiative processes in the upper troposphere that are inferred to impose a strong constraint on tropical temperature perturbations below 130 hPa. The latitudinal structure of the radiative contributions to the annual cycle in temperatures is found to be substantially modified when the SEFDH assumption is relaxed and the dynamical response, as represented by a zonally symmetric calculation, is taken into account. The effect of the dynamical response is to reduce the strong latitudinal gradients and interhemispheric asymmetry seen in the purely radiative SEFDH temperature response, while leaving the 20 • N-20 • S average response relatively unchanged. The net contribution of the annual ozone and water vapour cycles to the peak-to-peak amplitude in the annual cycle of TTL temperatures is found to be around 35 % of the observed 8 K at 70 hPa, 40 % of 6 K at 90 hPa, and 45 % of 3 K at 100 hPa. The primary sensitivity of the calculated magnitude of the temperature response is identified as the assumed annual mean ozone mixing ratio in the TTL.

Ozone Transport‐Radiation Feedbacks in the Tropical Tropopause Layer

“…This is broadly consistent with prior investigations of the influence of ozone in the TTL temperature cycle (Fueglistaler et al, 2011;Ming et al, 2017). This is broadly consistent with prior investigations of the influence of ozone in the TTL temperature cycle (Fueglistaler et al, 2011;Ming et al, 2017).…”

On the relative importance of radiative and dynamical heating for tropical tropopause temperatures

“…Time period used for ERA-I andMLS is 2005-2012. radiative heating. This effect was confirmed and further studied by Fueglistaler et al [2011], and recently extended to the radiative effects of water vapor by Gilford and Solomon [2017] and Ming et al [2017]. Gettelman et al [2009] showed that T CP in chemistry climate models (CCMs) is sensitive to the ozone amount in the TTL, which likely impacts their long-term trends in T CP .…”

“…Note that the radiative feedback due to the ozone seasonal cycle is strongest in spring and fall; i.e., our comparison between January and July only partially demonstrates this feedback. The radiative feedback due to the water vapor seasonal cycle likewise maximizes during spring and fall, with essentially no effect during January and July [ Gilford and Solomon , ; Ming et al , ]. The seasonal cycles in water vapor and ozone are in large parts produced by the seasonal cycle in upwelling [ Mote et al , ; Randel et al , ], as well as horizontal [ Konopka et al , ; Ploeger et al , ] and vertical [ Glanville and Birner , ] mixing; in that sense even the remaining seasonal temperature difference in SRE is of dynamical origin, albeit indirectly.…”

“…Chae and Sherwood [] found that the seasonal cycle in T CP is amplified by the radiative effects of ozone; i.e., the warmer cold point during boreal summer is in part due to the higher ozone levels near the cold point and their associated radiative heating. This effect was confirmed and further studied by Fueglistaler et al [], and recently extended to the radiative effects of water vapor by Gilford and Solomon [] and Ming et al []. Gettelman et al [] showed that T CP in chemistry climate models (CCMs) is sensitive to the ozone amount in the TTL, which likely impacts their long‐term trends in T CP .…”

Hemispheric differences in the annual cycle of tropical lower stratosphere transport and tracers

“…An additional complication for understanding the annual cycle in O 3 is the feedback between ozone and upwelling by the residual circulation ( *) [ Andrews et al , ]. Changes in O 3 lead to changes in heating rates that impact the upwelling and then O 3 [ Ming et al , ]. Furthermore, changes in ozone heating rates would impact * indirectly through changes in wave‐induced forcing [ Ming et al , ].…”