The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate

Kumar, Prakash; Yuan, Xiaohui; Kumar, M. Ravi; Kind, R.; Li, Xueqing; Chadha, R. K.

doi:10.1038/nature06214

Cited by 419 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Jun Korenaga is thanked for providing a preprint of a paper containing new analyses of olivine creep parameters. (Li and Burke, 2006) > 150 km (Chen et al, 2007) Consistent with 250 km (Bruneton et al, 2004a) S-Receiver function~ 250-300 km (Kumar et al, 2007) Magnetotelluric (MT) 230 km (Miensopust et al, 2006) 210 km at LdG 260 km average (Jones et al, 2003) 205 km at NAT (Jones, 1999) > 300 km (Korja, 2007) . The LAB may also correlate with a downward extinction of seismic anisotropy (e.g., Gaherty and Jordan, 1995) or a change in the direction of anisotropy (e.g., Debayle and Kennett, 2000a;2000b;Sebai et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The elusive lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons

Eaton

Darbyshire

Evans

et al. 2009

Lithos

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392

288

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The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is a first-order structural discontinuity that accommodates differential motion between tectonic plates and the underlying mantle. Although it is the most extensive type of plate boundary on the planet, its definitive detection, especially beneath cratons, is proving elusive. Different proxies are used to demarcate the LAB, depending on the nature of the measurement. Here we compare interpretations of the LAB beneath three The seismic LAB beneath cratons is typically regarded as the base of a high-velocity mantle lid, although some workers infer its location based on a distinct change in seismic anisotropy.Surface-wave inversion studies provide depth-constrained velocity models, but are relatively insensitive to the sharpness of the LAB. The S-receiver function method is a promising new seismic technique with complementary characteristics to surface-wave studies, since it is 2 sensitive to sharpness of the LAB but requires independent velocity information for accurate depth estimation. Magnetotelluric (MT) observations have, for many decades, imaged an "electrical asthenosphere" layer at depths beneath the continents consistent with seismic lowvelocity zones. This feature is most easily explained by the presence of a small amount of water in the asthenosphere, possibly inducing partial melt. Depth estimates based on various proxies considered here are similar, lending confidence that existing geophysical tools are effective for mapping the LAB beneath cratons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The elusive lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons

Eaton

Darbyshire

Evans

et al. 2009

Lithos

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392

288

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“…A recent study by Kumar et al (2007) indicate a lithospheric thickness of 80-100 km for Indian plate. This lithospheric depth is very small when compared to the depth of lithosphere below other continental masses like Africa, Antarctica and Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This lithospheric depth is very small when compared to the depth of lithosphere below other continental masses like Africa, Antarctica and Australia. At present Indian plate is moving with a high velocity (Jade, 2004), which is attributed to the low lithospeheric depth as one of the reasons (Kumar et al, 2007). Gangrade and Arora (2000) have also reported that a slow and steady accumulation of seismic energy is occurring in this region which may lead to earthquakes of moderate to significantly high magnitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration for South India with local site effects: probabilistic approach

Vipin

Anbazhagan

Sitharam

2009

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In this work an attempt has been made to evaluate the seismic hazard of South India (8.0 • N-20 • N; 72 • E-88 • E) based on the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). The earthquake data obtained from different sources were declustered to remove the dependent events. A total of 598 earthquakes of moment magnitude 4 and above were obtained from the study area after declustering, and were considered for further hazard analysis. The seismotectonic map of the study area was prepared by considering the faults, lineaments and the shear zones in the study area which are associated with earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above. For assessing the seismic hazard, the study area was divided into small grids of size 0.1 • ×0.1 • , and the hazard parameters were calculated at the centre of each of these grid cells by considering all the seismic sources with in a radius of 300 km. Rock level peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values at 1 s corresponding to 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years have been calculated for all the grid points. The contour maps showing the spatial variation of these values are presented here. Uniform hazard response spectrum (UHRS) at rock level for 5% damping and 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years were also developed for all the grid points. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) at surface level was calculated for the entire South India for four different site classes. These values can be used to find the PGA values at any site in South India based on site class at that location. Thus, this method can be viewed as a simplified method to evaluate the PGA values at any site in the study area.

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“…At the time of the rift of the IndoMadagascar-Seychelles bloc from Gondwana, it bore a flora closely similar to that of contemporaneous Australia, with southern conifers and ferns (Morley, 2000). Subsequently, this block broke off from Australia sometime during the upper Jurassic period (150 Ma) probably in a warm temperate climate before the origin of modern flowering plant families which occurred in lower Cretaceous (135 -130 Ma) (Briggs, 2003, Chatterjee and Scotese, 1999, Kumar et al, 2007, Morley, 2000. The tectonic drift of the India plate north-eastwards commenced around 100 Ma, first through seasonal tropical climates, then equatorial and at least partially perhumid climate while moving close to the African plate, before re-entering seasonal latitudes when it finally collided with the Asian plate in the middle Eocene (Morley 2000;van Hinsbergen et al, 2012;Ashton, 2014).…”

Section: History Of the Indian Platementioning

confidence: 99%

South-west Sri Lanka: a floristic refugium in South Asia

Gunatilleke

Ashton³

2017

Ceylon J. Sci.

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Abstract:In South Asia, south-west Sri Lanka alone represents the sole surviving perhumid region where Mixed Dipterocarp Forests (MDF) harbour a number of relict signature taxa providing evidence of ancient plant migration routes from Gondwana to perhumid Far Eastern Sunda land, at least partially via southern Laurasia. Palynological and phylogenetic evidence now confirm that the Malesian rain forest flora overwhelmingly immigrated from tropical Africa/Madagascar and South Asia along an everwet equatorial corridor sometime before the collision of the Indian Plate with the Southern Laurasian coast in middle Eocene (c. 45 Ma). This ever-wet climatic and geological history has led to the evolution of a characteristic species composition and dynamics within SW Sri Lanka's rain forest communities, which exhibit remarkable patterns of species distribution and habitat specialization, and which parallel those of Far Eastern sister taxa.We here examine the patterns of floristic variation in each of three MDF sites using classification and ordination methods to analyse tree data collected in 62 random plots, each 0.25ha, along an altitudinal gradient. In addition, a 25 ha forest dynamics plot (FDP) was established in the Sinharaja World Heritage Site, within the CTFS-ForestGEO network that addresses issues related to community ecology and phylogenetics incorporating large-scale biogeographic patterns of major clades of both plants and animals.In the above studies, ecologically distinct floristic assemblages were revealed, i) among the three MDF sites as well as, ii) among the ridge-, slope-, and valley habitats within each forest site. In the FDP too, >80% of the 125 species, with individuals >1 cm dbh and >100 individuals per species, are significantly more associated with one or more of eight topographic habitat categories than in others. These results suggest that ecological ranges and dispersion of tree species in SW Sri Lanka is primarily mediated by soil water and nutrient levels in topographically different catenal habitats mirroring those in the Far East.Many of these species are threatened relict endemics, and their distribution patterns have important conservation implications. Their spatial distributional features provide useful criteria in sitespecies matching or environmental filtering in forest restoration efforts.

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The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate

Cited by 419 publications

References 34 publications

The elusive lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons

The elusive lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons

Estimation of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration for South India with local site effects: probabilistic approach

South-west Sri Lanka: a floristic refugium in South Asia

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