The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Dolati-Somarin, Amirhossein; Abd-Nikfarjam, Bahareh

doi:10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Additionally, compared to non-addicted patients, the fatality rate among opium-addicted cases was high (28.57%). It proves the previous claim [46] that there is a higher death rate for COVID-19 opium users' patients. It is, probably, due to the negative impact of opium on the immune system and respiratory cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Predicting the necessity of oxygen therapy in the early stage of COVID-19 using machine learning

Saadatmand

Salimifard

Mohammadi

et al. 2022

Med Biol Eng Comput

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Medical oxygen is a critical element in the treatment process of COVID-19 patients which its shortage impacts the treatment process adversely. This study aims to apply machine learning (ML) to predict the requirement for oxygen-based treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In the first phase, demographic information, symptoms, and patient's background were extracted from the databases of two local hospitals in Iran, and preprocessing actions were applied. In the second step, the related features were selected. Lastly, five ML models including logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), XGBoost, C5.0, and neural networks (NNs) were implemented and compared based on their accuracy and capability. Among the variables related to the patient's background, consuming opium due to the high rate of opium users in Iran was considered in the models. Of the 398 patients included in the study, 112 (28.14%) received oxygen-based treatment. Shortness of breath (71.42%), fever (62.5%), and cough (59.82%) had the highest frequency in patients with oxygen requirements. The most important variables for prediction were shortness of breath, cough, age, and fever. For opioid-addicted patients, in addition to the high mortality rate (23.07%), the rate of oxygen-based treatment was twice as high as non-addicted patients. XGBoost and LR obtained the highest area under the curve with values of 88.7% and 88.3%, respectively. For accuracy, LR and NNs achieved the best and same accuracy (86.42%). This approach provides a tool that accurately predicts the need for oxygen in the treatment process of COVID-19 patients and helps hospital resource management.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Predicting the necessity of oxygen therapy in the early stage of COVID-19 using machine learning

Saadatmand

Salimifard

Mohammadi

et al. 2022

Med Biol Eng Comput

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“…However, some studies have indicated that although opioids like morphine reduce the production of infl ammatory cytokines such as IFN-α and IFN-Y, they weaken the immune system and consequently increase virus entry into the body and lungs damage. From another point of view, smokers and opium users have a lower level of socio-economic status and access to health care than other members of society [37]. Concurrent comorbidities such as COPD and cardiovascular diseases, which are associated with higher severity of COVID-19, have been reported more frequently in these patients [12,38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Smoking and Opioid Consumption on the Severity of the Disease and Duration of Hospitalization in COVID-19 Patients

Fayazi¹,

Naeimi²,

Yaseri³

et al. 2023

Acta Medica Bulgarica

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Objective In the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic, various studies on the target communities of this virus were widely started and rapidly progressed. Smokers and opioid consumers are one of the virus targets since they have a vulnerable respiratory system. Due to the contradictory results in previous studies and the lack of similar investigations in this area, we aimed to perform this study to investigate the effect of smoking and opioid consumption on the consequences of the COVID-19 disease. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, the required information was collected and analyzed from the archives of Razi Hospital, Rasht, Iran. Study variables included age, sex, the need for intubation, hospital length of stay, history of current smoking or opioid consumption, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU length of stay, admission oxygen saturation, disease severity, and the outcome of death or recovery. Data were collected and divided into the case (including current cigarette smokers, opioid consumers, and cigarette-opioid consumers) and control (non-smokers and non-opioid-consumers) groups. Out of 986 patients, 489 patients met the criteria for inclusion and subsequent analysis. The average age was 69.79 ± 16.06, and 294 (60.1%) patients were male. The median age of the case group (65.15 ± 42.41) was older than the control group (57.45 ± 15.71, P = 0.001). The case group consisted of more male patients than the control group (P = 0.001). Results The adjusted regression models demonstrated that current cigarette smoking, opioid, and cigarette-opioid consumption did not significantly predict hospital and ICU length of stay, ICU admission, disease severity, and mortality outcomes (P > 0.05). Current cigarette smoking and opioid consumption could not be an independent predictor for the consequences of ICU admission, hospital and ICU length of stay, the need for intubation, disease severity, and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

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“…Fentanyl use also increased during the COVID-19 pandemic [201,202]. COVID-19 mortality may be exacerbated in persons with SUD for several reasons, including downregulation of interferon expression, development of pulmonary edema, increased thrombotic factors, and increased expression of angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (reviewed in [203], although data to support these potential mechanistic interactions are quite limited currently). However, the acute nature of infection with SARS-CoV-2 may prove challenging for evaluating how drugs of abuse impact SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pathogenesis in vivo.…”

Section: Drugs Of Abuse and Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of Abuse and Their Impact on Viral Pathogenesis

Blackard

Sherman

2021

Viruses

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Commonly misused substances such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids suppress immune responses and may impact viral pathogenesis. In recent years, illicit use of opioids has fueled outbreaks of several viral pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This review focuses on the myriad of mechanisms by which drugs of abuse impact viral replication and disease progression. Virus–drug interactions can accelerate viral disease progression and lead to increased risk of virus transmission.

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The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 78 publications

Predicting the necessity of oxygen therapy in the early stage of COVID-19 using machine learning

Predicting the necessity of oxygen therapy in the early stage of COVID-19 using machine learning

The Effect of Smoking and Opioid Consumption on the Severity of the Disease and Duration of Hospitalization in COVID-19 Patients

Drugs of Abuse and Their Impact on Viral Pathogenesis

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