The recent development of polysaccharides biomaterials and their performance for supercapacitor applications

Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites Assessed by Dielectric, Mechanical, and Piezoelectric Properties

“…Nanocomposites based upon ZnO-NPs are widely used for the development of different optoelectronic, electronic, sensors, collar cells, etc., devices (see, for example [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]). Recently, there were published significant publications about the potential use of ZnO-NPs that include flexible devices such as supercapacitance [ 4 ], flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators with ZnO-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [ 5 , 6 ], piezoelectric vibration sensors based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and ZnO nanoparticle [ 7 ], soft thermoplastic material with polyurethane matrix [ 8 ], poly (ethylene oxide) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend matrix incorporated with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles for optoelectronic and microelectronic devices [ 9 ], gate transistors with ZnO and ethyl cellulose [ 10 ], chitosan-ZnO (CS-ZnO) nanocomposite for packing applications [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], CS-ZnO as antibacterial agent [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], and CS-ZnO nanocomposite for supercapacitor [ 16 ].…”

Porous activated carbon monolith with nanosheet/nanofiber structure derived from the green stem of cassava for supercapacitor application

“…29 These cellulose-based materials, therefore, contribute to the T A B L E 1 Textural properties of activated carbon monolith derived from GSC fiber structural form, while lignin was attributed to the nanosheet configuration, 27 whose presence, alongside the nanofiber was related to fast ion diffusion and the high accessible surface for ion pairs. 24,28 Hence, these features, including pores formation onto the aggregate surface and the nanosheet and nanofiber structure, were associated with the generation of high electrochemical performance, as predicted. At higher concentration of ZnCl 2 , GSC-7 featured larger aggregates than others, with a size of 1.44-3.91 μm and macropores spaces of 0.62-2.57 μm.…”

“…As previously discussed, the low ratio of micromesopores combination leads to an increase in ion diffusion and storage, 34,64 while the presence of nanosheet and nanofiber structure promote the accessibility to active surface areas. 24,28 Therefore, the specific capacitance was affected by the specific surface area, alongside a well-developed combination of microporesmesopores and the functional structures of nanosheetnanofiber, which promotes ion diffusion into the inside pores. 28 Table 4 shows the performance comparison of GSC with the carbon porous reported lasted, in the twoelectrode system.…”

“…23 Biomass has been identified as the most common precursor, based on the abundance, low cost, simple processing, and usability in a wide temperature range. 24 In addition, activated carbon derived from biomass provides a natural structure and pore, which is disordered by carbon atom and heteroatom, 25 and is known to contain majorly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. 26 In addition, decomposition is attainable by thermal treatment, which is then converted into any functional structure, including nanosheet, nanofiber, and particles.…”

“…27,28 These characteristics promote the accessibility of large effective surface, required to improve specific capacitance. 24,29 Meanwhile, some biomass had been reported as successful and effective precursors in the production of activated carbon electrode, derived from agricultural waste, 30 industrial corps, 31 leaves, [32][33][34] fruit peels, 7,35 fruit shell, 36 flower, 6,37 fruit seeds, 38 stem, 39 wood, 40,41 milk, 42 bagasse. 43,44 An alternative biomass material is cassava (Manihot esculenta), which originates from the tropical countries, including Indonesia.…”