Laboratory and field evaluations were conducted in which hydramethylnon treatments were made against Solenopsis invicta individuals and colonies that were either infected or uninfected with Thelohania solenopsae. In laboratory experiments, polygynous T. solenopsae-infected colonies of S. invicta exhibited significantly greater cumulative mortality than uninfected colonies when exposed to hydramethylnon, a respiratory-inhibiting insecticide. By day 21, nearly 100% of the individuals in the T. solenopsaeinfected colonies were dead whereas only about 50% of the individuals in the uninfected colonies were dead. In addition to a higher cumulative mortality among T. solenopsae-infected workers, queens from infected colonies exhibited higher mortality than those from uninfected colonies. Similar results were observed in field studies in which fire ant-infested pasture was treated with hydramethylnon. The number of T. solenopsae-infected colonies decreased much faster relative to uninfected colonies in the same area. The initial rate of decline was 1.3 mounds/plot/day among T. solenopsae-infected colonies compared with a decrease of 0.4 mounds/ plot/day among uninfected colonies. Insecticide toxicity bioassay data supported our hypothesis that T. solenopsae infection can potentiate the toxicity of hydramethylnon. T. solenopsae-infected workers were 2.4-fold more susceptible to hydramethylnon than uninfected workers in toxicity bioassays.