The Regulation and Functions of Endogenous Retrovirus in Embryo Development and Stem Cell Differentiation

Xiang, Yangquan; Liang, Hongqing

doi:10.1155/2021/6660936

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…HERVs are not only molecular ‘fossils’ of ancient retroviruses but are also functional in host genomes under certain circumstances [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. One of the functions of HERVs is mediating host genomic recombination, leading to potential genomic rearrangement [ 26 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Deep Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Pan-Primates

Cui²

2022

Viruses

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Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are viral “fossils” in the human genome that originated from the ancient integration of exogenous retroviruses. Although HERVs have sporadically been reported in nonhuman primate genomes, their deep origination in pan-primates remains to be explored. Hence, based on the in silico genomic mining of full-length HERVs in 49 primates, we performed the largest systematic survey to date of the distribution, phylogeny, and functional predictions of HERVs. Most importantly, we obtained conclusive evidence of nonhuman origin for most contemporary HERVs. We found that various supergroups, including HERVW9, HUERSP, HSERVIII, HERVIPADP, HERVK, and HERVHF, were widely distributed in Strepsirrhini, Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys and apes). We found that numerous HERVHFs are spread by vertical transmission within Catarrhini and one HERVHF was traced in 17 species, indicating its ancient nature. We also discovered that 164 HERVs were likely involved in genomic rearrangement and 107 HERVs were potentially coopted in the form of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in humans. In summary, we provided comprehensive data on the deep origination of modern HERVs in pan-primates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Deep Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Pan-Primates

Cui²

2022

Viruses

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“…It did not include some relevant topics, such as solo LTR formation [67] and the currently ongoing ERV invasion in koalas [68]. Of particular interest for future study would be the programme's ability to cope with the shifting status of ERVs from potentially selfish genetic elements [69,70] to crucial contributors to the host's survival and reproduction [71][72][73].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Well Does Evolution Explain Endogenous Retroviruses?—A Lakatosian Assessment

Jorritsma

2021

Viruses

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One of the most sophisticated philosophies of science is the methodology of scientific research programmes (MSRP), developed by Imre Lakatos. According to MSRP, scientists are working within so-called research programmes, consisting of a hard core of fixed convictions and a flexible protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses. Anomalies are accommodated by changes to the protective belt that do not affect the hard core. Under MSRP, research programmes are appraised as ‘progressive’ if they successfully predict novel facts but are judged as ‘degenerative’ if they merely offer ad hoc solutions to anomalies. This paper applies these criteria to the evolutionary research programme as it has performed during half a century of ERV research. It describes the early history of the field and the emergence of the endogenization-amplification theory on the origins of retroviral-like sequences. It then discusses various predictions and postdictions that were generated by the programme, regarding orthologous ERVs in different species, the presence of target site duplications and the divergence of long terminal repeats, and appraises how the programme has dealt with data that did not conform to initial expectations. It is concluded that the evolutionary research programme has been progressive with regard to the issues here examined.

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“…Faithful preservation of genome integrity is critical for the maintenance of self-renewal stem cells. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and exogenous proviruses pose substantial threats to genome stability of ESCs (Xiang and Liang, 2021). Systematic Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences frontiersin.org siRNA screen revealed that sumoylation factors are among the key determinants for the establishment of provirus silencing in ESCs (Yang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Genome Integritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein sumoylation in normal and cancer stem cells

Zhu

Liang²,

Chu³

et al. 2022

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Stem cells with the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation play pivotal roles in normal tissues and malignant tumors. Whereas stem cells are supposed to be genetically identical to their non-stem cell counterparts, cell stemness is deliberately regulated by a dynamic network of molecular mechanisms. Reversible post-translational protein modifications (PTMs) are rapid and reversible non-genetic processes that regulate essentially all physiological and pathological process. Numerous studies have reported the involvement of post-translational protein modifications in the acquirement and maintenance of cell stemness. Recent studies underscore the importance of protein sumoylation, i.e., the covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO), as a critical post-translational protein modification in the stem cell populations in development and tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the functions of protein sumoylation in different kinds of normal and cancer stem cells. In addition, we describe the upstream regulators and the downstream effectors of protein sumoylation associated with cell stemness. We also introduce the translational studies aiming at sumoylation to target stem cells for disease treatment. Finally, we propose future directions for sumoylation studies in stem cells.

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The Regulation and Functions of Endogenous Retrovirus in Embryo Development and Stem Cell Differentiation

Cited by 19 publications

References 72 publications

Origin and Deep Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Pan-Primates

Origin and Deep Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Pan-Primates

How Well Does Evolution Explain Endogenous Retroviruses?—A Lakatosian Assessment

Protein sumoylation in normal and cancer stem cells

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