The regulation of food intake by insulin in the central nervous system

Cs, Mitchell; Begg, Denovan P.

doi:10.1111/jne.12952

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…Foods with sweet taste could increase human's appetite, most directly in sugars added foods [21] . The consumption of these foods ultimately depends on human's feeding behavior, and the feeding behavior is highly regulated by internal physiological state and external environmental information, which is a complex process [22] . Humans integrate neural and hormonal signals to control energy balance and food consumption though central nervous system [23] , they also affected by other factors such as psychological and socio-cultural aspects [24] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals C57BL/6J male mice (Charles River, Beijing, China, 8 weeks old) were used in these experiments. All mice were housed in a constant temperature (22)(23)(24)(25) and humidity-controlled (45 ± 5%) environment, and had free access to food and water, except during experimental sessions. Lighting was maintained under a 12hour light-dark cycle (lights on from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sweetness effect of stevioside in paraventricular thalamic enhanced the feeding motivation of mice

Zhu

Jiang

Song

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Attitudes towards the consumption of various types of sweetened food products are controlled by the central nervous system. Therefore, finding the brain regions responsible for regulating the feeding decisions on sweeteners in animals will provide new strategies for the development of sweeteners. Here, we selected sucrose and the other two plant sweeteners: stevioside and xylitol, then provided the mice with the diets supplemented with 25% sucrose, 1.25% stevioside and 25.05% xylitol, respectively, to ensure that these diets had the same sweetness. The mice showed strong preference for HSD (high sucrose diet) and HSSD (high stevioside diet), but they were not interested in HXD (high xylitol diet) with the same sweetness as HSD. After six weeks of intermittent exposure to different sweet diets, when the mice have consumed the corresponding diet, the c-fos expression level in paraventricular thalamic (PVT) of mice in HSD group is significantly higher than those in the HXD group (p < 0.0001) and CD group (p = 0.0006), and there was no significant difference from the HSSD group to HXD group (p = 0.0507). Though fiber photometry, we found that the PVT of mice were involved in the feeding motivation of different sweet diets. When the mice consumed sucrose solution, the neuronal activity of PVT increased rapidly and peaked at the instant when the mice obtained the sucrose solution, this phenomenon was also observed in the HSSD group of mice. The PVT activity of mice exposed to water and xylitol solutions has no fluctuation. Our data indicate that PVT is involved in the regulation of the feeding motivation of mice for different sweeteners, and stevioside can activate PVT like sucrose to increase the feeding motivation of animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweetness effect of stevioside in paraventricular thalamic enhanced the feeding motivation of mice

Zhu

Jiang

Song

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…InsR and IGF-1R are expressed on neurons and non-neuronal cells ( Shaughness et al, 2020 ), and are involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity ( Dyer et al, 2016 ), astroglial energy metabolism, microglial inflammatory phenotypes ( Haas et al, 2020 ), as well as the self-renewal and maintenance of neural stem cells ( Ziegler et al, 2015 ), indicating crucial roles of insulin through multiple targets and mechanisms in the brain parenchyma ( Gabbouj et al, 2019 ). Although the hypothalamus is the most well-studied target region regulating systemic energy metabolism ( Mitchell and Begg, 2021 ), specific inactivation of InsR and IGF-1R in the hippocampus and amygdala led to increased anxiety and cognitive impairment in animal models ( Soto et al, 2019 ), indicating the significance of extrahypothalamic and non-metabolic roles for insulin. Moreover, hippocampal microglia responded to insulin treatment in young rats but not in the aged group ( Haas et al, 2020 ), suggesting that microglia develop insulin resistance during aging.…”

Section: Metabolic Disturbance and Cognitive Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia

Shinjyo

Kita

2021

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.

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“…Brain-selective insulin analogs would be of interest, as insulin can regulate food intake [ 201 , 202 ] as a neuroendocrine hormone [ 203 , 204 ]. Insulin-regulated pathways have been defined in the amygdala and hypothalamus [ 205 ].…”

Section: Next-generation Insulin Analogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: A century of innovation

Jarosinski

Dhayalan

Chen

et al. 2021

Molecular Metabolism

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Background The discovery of insulin in 1921 and its near-immediate clinical use initiated a century of innovation. Advances extended across a broad front, from the stabilization of animal insulin formulations to the frontiers of synthetic peptide chemistry, and in turn, from the advent of recombinant DNA manufacturing to structure-based protein analog design. In each case, a creative interplay was observed between pharmaceutical applications and then-emerging principles of protein science; indeed, translational objectives contributed to a growing molecular understanding of protein structure, aggregation and misfolding. Scope of review Pioneering crystallographic analyses—beginning with Hodgkin's solving of the 2-Zn insulin hexamer—elucidated general features of protein self-assembly, including zinc coordination and the allosteric transmission of conformational change. Crystallization of insulin was exploited both as a step in manufacturing and as a means of obtaining protracted action. Forty years ago, the confluence of recombinant human insulin with techniques for site-directed mutagenesis initiated the present era of insulin analogs. Variant or modified insulins were developed that exhibit improved prandial or basal pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Encouraged by clinical trials demonstrating the long-term importance of glycemic control, regimens based on such analogs sought to resemble daily patterns of endogenous β-cell secretion more closely, ideally with reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Major conclusions Next-generation insulin analog design seeks to explore new frontiers, including glucose-responsive insulins, organ-selective analogs and biased agonists tailored to address yet-unmet clinical needs. In the coming decade, we envision ever more powerful scientific synergies at the interface of structural biology, molecular physiology and therapeutics.

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The regulation of food intake by insulin in the central nervous system

Cited by 35 publications

References 147 publications

Sweetness effect of stevioside in paraventricular thalamic enhanced the feeding motivation of mice

Sweetness effect of stevioside in paraventricular thalamic enhanced the feeding motivation of mice

Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia

Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: A century of innovation

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