The regulation of osteoblast function and bone mineralisation by extracellular nucleotides: The role of p2x receptors

The role of purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system

“…A detailed investigation of both single cells and populations of human osteoblasts indicated that there was a heterogeneity in P2 receptor expression in any one culture . This observation raised the possibility that the differentiation status of the osteoblast influences P2 receptor expression, an idea which was later confirmed in several separate studies (Nishii et al, 2009;Orriss et al, 2012;Orriss et al, 2006).…”

Pyrophosphate: a key inhibitor of mineralisation

“…ATP, which is released by all bone cells including osteocytes [22,25,[60][61][62][63][64][65], is an important source of pyrophosphate in bone [17,66]. Previous work has shown that endogenous ATP released by osteoblasts acts as an important local brake on mineralisation, an effect mediated by both purinergic signalling and the breakdown to produce pyrophosphate [38, 67,68].…”

Retraction: Polyphosphate-induced matrix metalloproteinase-3-mediated proliferation in rat dental pulp fibroblast-like cells is mediated by a Wnt5 signaling cascade

“…Recently, Poly(P) has been suggested to participate in apoptosis as well as modulation of the mineralization process in bone tissue (29,30). We previously reported that Poly(P)-induced MMP-3 increases the proliferation of iPS cell-derived odontoblast-like cells (7).…”