2016
DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1320-8
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The regulation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by glucocorticoid receptor in collaboration with Bcl-2 family proteins in developing T cells

Abstract: Glucocorticoids (GC) are important in the regulation of selection and apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes. The pronounced GC-sensitivity of DP thymocytes, observed earlier, might be due to the combination of classical (genomic) and alternative (non-genomic) glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling events modifying activation or apoptotic pathways. In particular, the previously demonstrated mitochondrial translocation of activated GR in DP thymocytes offered a fascinating explanation for their p… Show more

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Cited by 62 publications
(47 citation statements)
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References 74 publications
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“…Pro-apoptotic proteins can induce apoptosis through breakage of the mitochondrial membrane potential (22). To the contrary, by binding to specific site of Bax, the anti-apoptotic proteins retained normal permeability and prevented the release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors into the cytoplasm (23). Thus, the balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins is often used to regulate cell apoptosis (17).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pro-apoptotic proteins can induce apoptosis through breakage of the mitochondrial membrane potential (22). To the contrary, by binding to specific site of Bax, the anti-apoptotic proteins retained normal permeability and prevented the release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors into the cytoplasm (23). Thus, the balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins is often used to regulate cell apoptosis (17).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Endogenous apoptosis is marked by the release of cytochrome C followed by pro‐caspase‐9 activation, both of which participate in constituting the apoptosome and activating several executioners. Finally, two pathways result in the cleavage of caspase‐3 and PARP1, recognized to be the executants of cell apoptosis . The Bcl‐2 family also plays a vital role in either prompting (Bax and Bak) or suppressing (Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xl) apoptosis .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Finally, two pathways result in the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP1, recognized to be the executants of cell apoptosis. (27,28) The Bcl-2 family also plays a vital role in either prompting (Bax and Bak) or suppressing (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl) apoptosis. (29) Bcl-2 has been verified to be able to terminate apoptosis by attenuating the release of cytochrome C to inactivate caspase.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In another pioneering study, which was, however, poorly considered for several years, a GR response element (GRE) was shown to be present in a D-loop of the mitochondrial chromosome [2]. Meanwhile, several investigations have demonstrated GR translocation to mitochondria [1][2][3][4][5], a process that depends on glucocorticoid availability [1][2][3][4][5] and on a mechanism reminiscent of the transfer into the nucleus, also involving heat shock proteins and an immunophilin [4].…”
Section: Steroid Tyrosine Hormone and Vitamin D 3 Receptors In Mitomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, the mitochondrial GR seems to be involved in apoptosis induction in thymocytes, which may not be surprising with regard to the presence of the proapoptotic machinery in this organelle [5]. Mitochondrial localization has been multiply shown for the estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) [6,7], the ER variant anyway known for its nongenomic signaling.…”
Section: Steroid Tyrosine Hormone and Vitamin D 3 Receptors In Mitomentioning
confidence: 99%