The Relation of Axial Length and Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations in Human Eyes

Wilson, Lorri B.; Quinn, Graham E.; Ying, Gui Shuang; Francis, Ellie L.; Schmid, Gregor; Lam, An; Orlow, J.; Stone, Richard A.

doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0869

Cited by 45 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Studies of diurnal ocular variations of axial length in humans have shown that the eye is typically longest during the day and shortest at night, and these variations range in magnitude from 25 to 46 µm over 24 hours (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006;Read et al, 2008;Chakraborty et al, 2011). Initial human studies showed that diurnal variations were not consistent on all measurement days (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006), but it is possible that seasonal variations could have influenced these results (Chakraborty et al, 2011), as the measurement days were separated by weeks and sometimes months in these studies.…”

Section: Diurnal Ocular Variationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Initial human studies showed that diurnal variations were not consistent on all measurement days (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006), but it is possible that seasonal variations could have influenced these results (Chakraborty et al, 2011), as the measurement days were separated by weeks and sometimes months in these studies. However, the effects of seasons and light exposure upon ocular diurnal variations have not been studied previously in humans.…”

Section: Diurnal Ocular Variationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…difference between the peak and trough in axial length) ranging on average from 25 -46 µm over 24 hours (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006;Read et al, 2008;Chakraborty et al, 2011). Previous studies have shown that diurnal axial length changes appear consistent when measured on two consecutive days (Chakraborty et al, 2011), however other studies have noted larger between-day differences in diurnal variations when measurements were separated by weeks or months (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006).…”

Section: Seasonal Variation In Longitudinal Axial Length Changes and mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Additionally, sleep/wake time, visual activity, diet, fluid intake and the menstrual cycle have also been postulated as additional factors that may potentially influence the ocular diurnal variations (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006).…”

Section: Diurnal Ocular Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…corneal thickness and curvature, choroidal thickness and intraocular pressure) undergo diurnal variations, exhibiting cyclic variations in their dimensions over the course of the 24-hour light/dark cycle (Kiely et al, 1982;Harper et al, 1996;Liu et al, 1998;Read et al, 2005;Wilson et al, 2006;Read et al, 2008Read et al, , 2009Usui et al, 2012). Axial length is the primary biometric determinant of refractive error, and is also well-documented in the human eye to exhibit significant diurnal variations, with a peak in axial length typically observed during the day and a trough observed at night (Stone et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2006;Read et al, 2008). Studies examining these diurnal changes have noted some variation in their daily amplitude (i.e.…”

Section: Seasonal Variation In Longitudinal Axial Length Changes and mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Ulaganathan¹

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It is widely accepted that environmental factors play a significant role in regulating eye growth and myopia development. There is also considerable evidence that ambient light exposure is an important environmental risk factor associated with eye growth in children, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that diurnal variations in ocular components appear to be involved in the mechanisms controlling eye growth. Animal studies also suggest that altering light exposure disrupts normal diurnal variations and can lead to the development of refractive errors. Despite this evidence, the exact role of light exposure and ocular diurnal rhythms in the regulation of human eye growth, and the interaction between these factors is not well understood. Myopia development and progression have been widely documented in young adults and typically occurs due to axial elongation, but there has been limited research examining the potential impact of ambient light exposure upon eye growth and myopia development and progression in young adults.Therefore, this research examined the habitual light exposure patterns in a population of young adult emmetropes and progressing myopes using objective techniques, and assessed the influence of light exposure upon daily axial length variations and longitudinal axial eye growth in this population. The potential association between daily axial length fluctuations and longer-term changes in axial length was also explored.Since there is no consensus on the optimal sampling strategy required for capturing personal objective light exposure measurements, in the first study, we systematically examined the impact of different measurement durations and measurement frequencies upon objective light exposure measures, in order to determine the optimal sampling strategy to reliably capture habitual light exposure patterns of both children (Age: 11 to vi The influence of light exposure and seasons upon the axial length changes in humans 15 years) and young adults (Age: 18 to 30 years). Ambient light exposure data were obtained using a wrist-worn light sensor (Actiwatch 2), which was configured to measure instantaneous light levels every 30 seconds, 24 hours a day for a period of 14 consecutive days in children (n = 30) and young adults (n = 31). Daily time exposed to bright outdoor (>1000 lux) light levels was derived from the raw 14 days of data with 30 second sampling, and was subsequently derived from data re-sampled from 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 randomly selected measurement days using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 minute sampling rates. Calculating daily outdoor light exposure time using a lower number of days and coarser sampling frequencies did not significantly alter the mean time spent in bright (outdoor) light. However, a significant increase in measurement variability occurred for outdoor light exposure derived from less than 8 days and from 3 minutes or coarser measurement frequencies in adults, and from less than 8 days and from 4 minutes or coarser...

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Section: Diurnal Ocular Variationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Diurnal Ocular Variationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Seasonal Variation In Longitudinal Axial Length Changes and mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Diurnal Ocular Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seasonal Variation In Longitudinal Axial Length Changes and mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Ulaganathan¹

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Mapping diurnal changes in choroidal, Haller’s and Sattler’s layer thickness using 3-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography

Gabriel¹,

Esmaeelpour

Shams-Mafi³

et al. 2017

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Myopia Pharmacology: Etiologic Clues, Therapeutic Potential

Stone¹

2008

Ocular Therapeutics

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The Relation of Axial Length and Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations in Human Eyes

Abstract: Both axial length and IOP fluctuate during the day much of the time in most subjects. However, diurnal IOP fluctuations do not appear to cause diurnal axial length fluctuations.

Cited by 45 publications

References 18 publications

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Mapping diurnal changes in choroidal, Haller’s and Sattler’s layer thickness using 3-dimensional 1060-nm optical coherence tomography

Myopia Pharmacology: Etiologic Clues, Therapeutic Potential

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