The relation of drive to finger-withdrawal conditioning.

Effects of serial CS presentation on a finger-withdrawal avoidance response to shock.

“…However, the extension of this conditioning hypothesis to the human level is not without limitations because of the added problem with humans of "voluntary" responding and self-instructional sets. Nevertheless, the finger-withdrawal paradigm employed has resulted in data which are quite consistent with fear models offered at the infrahuman level (Banks, 1965;Elias, 1965;Goerk & Kamin, 1959;Wickens & Platt, 1954).…”

Intertrial interval and unconditioned stimulus durations in autoshaping

“…In appetitive salivary conditioning, the quantity of food US has been shown to be directly related to the vigor of the CR (Gantt, 1938;Wagner et al, 1964). This finding holds as well for a variety of other preparations, including acid-induced salivary conditioning (Feather, Delse, & Bryson, 1967;Warstler & Ost, 1965), GSR conditioning (Boring & Morrow, 1968), human eyeblink conditioning (Prokasy & Harsanyi, 1968;Spence, 1953;Spence, Haggard, & Ross, 1958;Spence & Platt, 1966), conditioned emotional response procedures (Annau & Kamin, 1961;Ghiselli & Fowler, 1976), finger withdrawal (Elias, 1965), heart-rate conditioning (Dykman & Gantt, 1959;Sideroff, Schneiderman, & Powell, 1971), and conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits (Ashton et al, 1969;Smith, 1968).…”

Synaptic transmission correlates of general mental ability

“…Its internal oscillator provides optically isolated 60-Hz constant current AC stimulation. The actual shock level for individuals is normally predetermined by each participant via a scaling procedure, which establishes the level acceptable (see Elias, 1965;Levis, 1971). Such a workup procedure however would establish different levels of stimulation and serve to increase variance between participants.…”