“…In this study we controlled for two such characteristics, namely self-efficacy, and intrinsic goal orientation, because these have been found to have a relationship with interest. Self-efficacy is defined as the individual's appraisal of one's own capabilities to carry out a task along with the confidence in one's skills to complete that task (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia & McKeachie, 1991) It has been found to have at least a moderately sized correlation to interest, and in addition this correlation has been found to be stronger in mathematics and science than in any other subjects (Rottinghaus, Larson & Borgen, 2003;Bong, Lee & Woo, 2015). Reasons for this strong relationship may be found in the hierarchical nature of mathematic and scientific knowledge, inflexible characteristics of mathematical instruction, and students' perceptions of mathematics and science as difficult subjects.…”