The relationship between health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in the BRICS countries—based on the Fourier ARDL model

Li, Fangjhy; Chang, Tsangyao; Wang, Mei-Chih; Jun, Zhou

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17900-w

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Azam et al (2016) analyse the environment degradation proxied by CO 2 emission on the profile of selected higher CO 2 emissions economies and conclude that there is a positive relationship between CO 2 emissions and economic growth in China, Japan, and the USA. For BRIC countries, Li 2022 andPao andTsai (2010) reveal that in the long-run equilibrium, energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on CO 2 emissions. A number of studies examined the relationship between CO 2 emission and economic growth at the country level, an example is Yousefi-Sahzabi et al (2011) who investigate the relationship between CO 2 emission and economic growth of Iran and confirms a positive strong correlation between CO 2 emission and economic growth and related to this point of view, Bouznit and María del (2016) also confirm the same results on the profile of Algeria and Lešáková and Ondřej (2018) on the profile of Czech Republic.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis

Onofrei

Vatamanu

Cigu

2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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This paper explores the dynamics of the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the 27 EU member states in a panel setting for the period 2000–2017. We use qualitative sequential methodology, involving empiric analysis that provides coherence and viability for our study, but also quantitative methods, including Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), unit root tests and cointegration techniques. The results suggest the existence of a long run cointegrating relationship between growth and CO2 emissions in EU countries and the DOLS method indicates a statistically significant effect of economic growth on CO2 emissions for both versions of estimators, revealing that on average, a 1% change in GDP leads to 0.072 change in CO2 emissions. The study also exhibits that higher income levels lead to increased demand for environmental protection and underline the need for designing environmental policies, capable to reduce emissions during periods of economic growth. Moreover, we find that the status of economic growth does not automatically diminish climate vulnerability in EU countries, only the correct type of growth does, thus being necessary that EU policymakers be aware of the energy cost pressure and to achieve economic growth in relationship with appropriate tools in terms of climate risk management.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis

Onofrei

Vatamanu

Cigu

2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…The bidirectional causal link between carbon emissions and development is also explored (Wang Z. et al, 2019). (Li et al, 2022) studied the association between health expenditures, CO2 emissions, and GDP variations in BRICS nations from 2000 to 2019 using the Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Small samples can benefit from tighter inspection findings thanks to the Fourier ARDL model's bootstrap repeated simulation computations.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bootstrap ARDL on health expenditure, green energy, environmental sustainability, and economic growth nexus in Saudi Arabia

Ageli

2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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The Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lag (BARDL) cointegration model used to examine whether there is a short and long-run relationship between health expenditure per capita Environmental Sustainability is measured by CO2 emissions per capita (CO2), GDP per capita (GDPPC), and Green Energy is measured by Electric Power Consumption per capita (GEPC) in Saudi Arabia using annual time-series data from 1995 to 2021. The significant results show no long-term cointegration relationship between Saudi Arabian variables. Therefore, the Bootstrap ARDL Bound Test offered significant empirical support for the validity of no cointegration between the variables. The empirical data show a unidirectional relationship between GDP per capita and health expenditure, green energy and CO2 emissions per capita. The data also show a bidirectional relationship between health expenditure and CO2 emissions and GDP per growth, whereas the same relation hold between green energy and economic growth. These findings would attract policymakers to expand economic growth and development’s environmental and health benefits. Moreover, to reduce the effects of global warming without affecting environmental health or the country’s long-term economic prosperity.

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“…VECM Granger causality analysis indicates that health expenditures and economic growth cause each other. Li et al ( 60 ) explores the links between CO 2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth for BRICS countries. The study reveals that there is a causality running from economic growth to health expenditures for Brazil and South Africa.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between health expenditure indicators and economic growth in OECD countries: A Driscoll-Kraay approach

Beylik¹,

Çıraklı

Çetin

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionThe main purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between health expenditure indicators and economic growth in OECD countries.MethodsIn this context, health expenditures and economic indicators data of 21 OECD countries were analyzed by the Driscoll-Kraay standard error approach within the scope of panel data analysis. While Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and income per capita were used as dependent variables, the amount of out-of-pocket health spending, per capita health expenditure, the amount of public health expenditure, the ratio of drug expenditures to gross domestic product, the share of current health expenditures in GDP were used as independent variables.ResultsAccording to the results, in the model (Model 1) where real GDP level was used as the dependent variable, all health expenditure indicators were positively related to the economic growth. When the estimation results of Model 1 are examined, it is predicted that there will be an increase of 0.09% in GDP in case of a 1% increase in the share allocated to health services from GDP. In case of a 1% increase in the amount of out-of-pocket spending on healthcare, it is foreseen that there may be an increase of 0.04% in the real GDP. In the model (Model 2) where the per capita income variable is the dependent variable, it is seen that the increase in out- of-pocket health spending has a decreasing effect on the per capita income level, while the increase in public expenditures has an increasing effect on the per capita income level. From the findings of Model 2, it was found that if a 1% increase in the share of current health expenditures in GDP, there may be an increase of 0.06% in the amount of per capita income.DiscussionConcludingly, it is possible to say that that public resources allocated to health services play an important role in the economic growth.

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The relationship between health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in the BRICS countries—based on the Fourier ARDL model

Cited by 43 publications

References 80 publications

The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis

The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis

Bootstrap ARDL on health expenditure, green energy, environmental sustainability, and economic growth nexus in Saudi Arabia

The relationship between health expenditure indicators and economic growth in OECD countries: A Driscoll-Kraay approach

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