The relationship between<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>IgG antibodies and generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a new approach

Akaltun, İsmail; Kara, Soner Sertan; Kara, Tayfun

doi:10.1080/08039488.2017.1385850

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…After reading the full text of the articles, 12 papers were included in our systematic review [14–16,19–21,24–29]. Eventually, 11 of these 12 articles [14–16,19–21,24,25,27–29] were entered into this meta-analysis with respect to the inclusion/exclusion criteria (Fig 1). One of the papers was excluded due to the lack of detailed information about the number of patients with OCD [26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total number of participants involved in the 11 included studies in the meta-analysis was 9873, including 389 OCD patients and 9484 controls. Studies were conducted in Turkey [14,16,25], Czech Republic [15,19,21], China [27,29], USA [20], Mexico [28], Saudi Arabia [24], and Iran [26]. Anti- Toxoplasma antibodies (IgG and IgM) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [14–16,19,20,24–29], indirect immunofluorescence assay [14], complement fixation test [15,19], and enzyme immunoassays [26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previous meta-analysis was performed only on the basis of two studies in 2015 [6]. Since the current study investigates the updated evidence of the association between toxoplasmosis and OCD, it includes nine studies, which were not examined in the previous meta-analysis [15,16,19–21,24,25,28,29]. Moreover, a published study in 2006 was not included in the previous study [28] and this leads to discrepancies in the results of our study with the previous ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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Background A few studies investigated the relationship between toxoplasmosis and mental disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the specific nature of the association between Toxoplasma gondii ( T . gondii ) infection and OCD is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to collect information on the relationship between OCD and toxoplasmosis and assess whether patients with toxoplasmosis are prone to OCD. Methods For the purpose of this study, 6 major electronic databases and the Internet search engine Google Scholar were searched for the published articles up to July 30 th , 2018 with no restriction of language. The inverse variance method and the random effect model were used to combine the data. The values of odds ratio (OR) were estimated at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 9 case-control and 3 cross-sectional studies were included in our systematic review. However, 11 of these 12 articles were entered into the meta-analysis containing 9873 participants, out of whom 389 were with OCD (25.96% positive for toxoplasmosis) and 9484 were without OCD (17.12% positive for toxoplasmosis). The estimation of the random effect model indicated a significant common OR of 1.96 [95% CI: 1.32–2.90]. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that toxoplasmosis could be as an associated factor for OCD (OR = 1.96). However, further prospective investigations are highly recommended to illuminate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of T . gondii infection in OCD and to better investigate the relationship between OCD and T . gondii infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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“…As for TS, an association of OCD with other pathogens cannot be excluded. Apart from case reports of concurrent Mycoplasma pneumoniae or varicella zoster virus infections (67,68) in OCD, an association with a 2.5 to 4-fold increased seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondii (69) has been reported (70,71). At best, however, this anecdotal evidence suggests a proneness to comorbidity with a broad range of infections, similar to what observed for TS.…”

Section: Postnatal Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 92%

What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?

2020

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The goal of this article is to review the past decade's literature and provide a critical commentary on the involvement of immunological mechanisms in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome, other Chronic tic disorders (CTD), and related neuropsychiatric disorders including Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: We conducted a literature search using the Medline/PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases to locate relevant articles and abstracts published between 2009 and 2020, using a comprehensive list of search terms related to immune mechanisms and the diseases of interest, including both clinical and animal model studies. Results: The cellular and molecular processes that constitute our "immune system" are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that innate and adaptive systemic immune pathways, as well as neuroinflammatory mechanisms, play an important role in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders In the conceptual framework of the holobiont theory, emerging evidence points also to the importance of the "microbiota-gut-brain axis" in the pathobiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusions: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. Immunological pathways are implicated in several early neurodevelopmental processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Hyper-reactivity of systemic immune pathways and neuroinflammation may contribute to the natural fluctuations of the core behavioral features of CTD, OCD, and ADHD. There is still limited knowledge of the efficacy of direct and indirect (i.e., through environmental modifications) immune-modulatory interventions in the treatment of these disorders. Future research also needs to focus on the key molecular pathways through which dysbiosis of different tissue microbiota influence neuroimmune interactions in these disorders, Martino et al. Immunity in TS/CTD, OCD, and ADHD and how microbiota modification could modify their natural history. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to the treatment of these disorders.

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“…T. gondii is also linked to OCD [14,54,63,145] (Table 4). A recent study found that the presence of anti- Toxoplasma gondii IgG (immunoglobulin G) in serum was more frequent in OCD patients than in controls (the odds ratio (OR) was 4.84 (confidence intervals = 1.78–13.12) in favor of OCD) [52] (Table 4). Furthermore, in a 1991 study, Strittmatter and colleagues showed that the CNS areas most affected by T. gondii were the cerebral hemispheres (91%) and the basal ganglia (78%) which are implicated in OCD neurobiology [146].…”

Section: Infections and Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients

et al. 2018

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) affects about 2% of the general population, for which several etiological factors were identified. Important among these is immunological dysfunction. This review aims to show how immunology can inform specific etiological factors, and how distinguishing between these etiologies is important from a personalized treatment perspective. We found discrepancies concerning cytokines, raising the hypothesis of specific immunological etiological factors. Antibody studies support the existence of a potential autoimmune etiological factor. Infections may also provoke OCD symptoms, and therefore, could be considered as specific etiological factors with specific immunological impairments. Finally, we underline the importance of distinguishing between different etiological factors since some specific treatments already exist in the context of immunological factors for the improvement of classic treatments.

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The relationship betweenToxoplasma gondiiIgG antibodies and generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a new approach

Cited by 34 publications

References 51 publications

Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?

Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients

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