The Relationship Between Intestinal Microbiota and the Central Nervous System in Normal Gastrointestinal Function and Disease

Collins, Stephen M.; Bercík, P

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.075

Cited by 530 publications

(357 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…6,7 Interactions between the microbiota of the gut lumen and the immune system modulate mood and sensation. [8][9][10] Understanding the molecular basis of such interactions is currently the subject of intense research effort. It is clear that many newly discovered mechanisms are not ubiquitously used by all visceral sensory neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrinsic primary afferent signalling in the gut

Brookes

Spencer

Costa

et al. 2013

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

246

216

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Visceral sensory neurons activate reflex pathways that control gut function and also give rise to important sensations, such as fullness, bloating, nausea, discomfort, urgency and pain. Sensory neurons are organised into three distinct anatomical pathways to the central nervous system (vagal, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral). Although remarkable progress has been made in characterizing the roles of many ion channels, receptors, and second messengers in visceral sensory neurons, the basic aim of understanding how many classes there are, and how they differ, has proven difficult to achieve. We suggest that there are just five structurally distinct types of sensory endings in the gut wall that account for essentially all of the primary afferent neurons in the three pathways. Each of these five major structural types of endings seems to show distinctive combinations of physiological responses. These types are: 'intraganglionic laminar' endings in myenteric ganglia; 'mucosal' endings located in the subepithelial layer; 'muscular mucosal' afferents, with mechanosensitive endings close to the muscularis mucosae; 'intramuscular' endings, with endings within the smooth muscle layers; and 'vascular' afferents, with sensitive endings primarily on blood vessels. 'Silent' afferents might be a subset of inexcitable 'vascular' afferents, which can be switched on by inflammatory mediators.Extrinsic sensory neurons comprise an attractive focus for targeted therapeutic intervention in a range of gastrointestinal disorders.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrinsic primary afferent signalling in the gut

Brookes

Spencer

Costa

et al. 2013

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

246

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Inflammation, infection and stress are environmental factors that can impact the integrity of epithelial and endothelial barrier structures [73][74][75]. In two different inflammatory diseases, one that occurs in the gut (IBD) and another that occurs in the CNS (multiple sclerosis, MS), there is a reorganization of tight junction proteins between epithelial cells of the respective gut (for IBD) and brain (for MS) barriers that results in a heightened permeability [76][77][78][79].…”

Section: Epithelial and Endothelial Barrier Integritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters

Severance

2016

Eur. psychiatr.

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Genetic and environmental studies implicate immune pathologies in schizophrenia. The body's largest immune organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historical associations of GI conditions with mental illnesses predate the introduction of antipsychotics. Current studies of antipsychoticnaïve patients support that gut dysfunction may be inherent to the schizophrenia disease process. Risk factors for schizophrenia (inflammation, food intolerances, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, cellular barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that intersect those operant in the gut. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community that early reports show is disrupted in schizophrenia. Bioactive and toxic products derived from digestion and microbial dysbiosis activate adaptive and innate immunity. Complement C1q, a brain-active systemic immune component, interacts with gut-related schizophrenia risk factors in clinical and experimental animal models. With accumulating evidence supporting newly discovered gut-brain physiological pathways, treatments to ameliorate brain symptoms of schizophrenia should be supplemented with therapies to correct GI dysfunction.

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“…1 Derangements of this axis (typically in the brain-to-gut direction) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of symptoms of many functional bowel disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 2,3 In recent years, however, emerging knowledge about gut microbiota has compelled us to re-examine the directionality of this process. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota appears to be imperative not only for normal gastrointestinal function, but may also influence a variety of systemic and mental processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Yarandi

Peterson

Treisman

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

229

134

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Gut microbiome is an integral part of the Gut-Brain axis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. It was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. Alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potentially lead to increased intestinal permeability and impair the function of the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, neuro-active compounds and metabolites can gain access to the areas within the central nervous system that regulate cognition and emotional responses. Deregulated inflammatory response, promoted by harmful microbiota, can activate the vagal system and impact neuropsychological functions. Some bacteria can produce peptides or short chain fatty acids that can affect gene expression and inflammation within the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.

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The Relationship Between Intestinal Microbiota and the Central Nervous System in Normal Gastrointestinal Function and Disease

Cited by 530 publications

References 107 publications

Extrinsic primary afferent signalling in the gut

Extrinsic primary afferent signalling in the gut

Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

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