The relationship between liver-kidney impairment and viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection in embryonic chickens

Abstract

To examine the relationship of impairments of the liver and kidney with viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) infection in embryonic chickens, 120 specific-pathogen-free Leghorn embryonated chicken eggs were randomly divided into two groups (infected and control), with three replicates per group and 20 eggs in each replicate. The eggs in the infected and control groups were challenged with 0.2 mL of 105.5 ELD50 NIBV and sterile saline solution, respectively. The embryonic chickens' plasma and liver and kidney tissues were collected at 1, 3, and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), the liver and kidney functional parameters were quantified, and the tissue viral loads were determined with real-time PCR. The results showed that plasma potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels were increased. The infected group exhibited significantly higher plasma uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels than the control group at 3 dpi. The plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly increased in the infected group. The total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in the infected group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The liver-kidney viral load in the infected group peaked at 3 dpi, at which time the kidney viral load was significantly higher than that of the liver. Our results indicated that NIBV infection caused liver and kidney damage in the embryonic chickens, and the results also demonstrated that the liver and kidney damage was strongly related to the tissue viral load following NIBV infection in embryonic chickens.

Phytochemicals (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids) contribution to the feeding value of mulberry (Morus spp.) for rabbits

“…However, although the final weight and average daily gain of the rabbits were lower in rabbits fed the ML15 diet compared with those fed the control and ML5 diets, the feed conversion ratio and carcass yield were still satisfactory from a production point of view. Rabbits in mulberry treated groups were all healthy, which was indicated by the little variation in selected health markers (organ weight, plasma total protein, and albumin/globubin) between the control group and the mulberry treated groups (Huang et al, 2017), and through this it can be inferred that mulberry leaf is non-toxic, which is in accordance with Yang et al (2014), who examined the toxicity of mulberry leaf ethanol extract and found no toxic effect on adipocytes. Hence, the level of mulberry leaf powder included in the diet of growing rabbits can be up to 15% without having an adverse effect.…”

Dietary L-citrulline supplementation modulates nitric oxide synthesis and anti-oxidant status of laying hens during summer season

“…Contrarily, Chowdhury et al [32] observed that orally administered L-Cit did not affect plasma TG and TCH in chicks. From this study, the insignificant differences in plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels, an indicator of liver and kidney functions [56,57], indicates that L-Cit feeding did not alter hepatic and renal functioning of laying hens.…”

Dietary L-citrulline supplementation modulates nitric oxide synthesis and anti-oxidant status of laying hens during summer season

“…Contrarily, Chowdhury et al [32] observed that orally administered L-Cit did not affect plasma TG and TCH in chicks. From this study, the insigni cant differences in plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels, an indicator of liver and kidney functions [56,57], indicates that L-Cit feeding did not alter hepatic and renal functioning of laying hens.…”