The relationship between longitudinal growth strain and the occurrence of gelatinous fibers in 10 and 11-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Washusen, Russell; Ilic, J.; Waugh, G.

doi:10.1007/s00107-003-0388-3

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However this ratio varies in a very narrow range (Table 1) and it appears doubtful that fibre percentage could explain the change in GS. On the other hand, the GFR T has a significant positive correlation with GS (at the 0.05 level with a 2-175 tailed test, r=0.884), as previously observed (Clair et al 2003;Washusen et al 2003). In combination with the results of this study, we can presume that fibre ratio does play some role in growth stress generation.…”

Section: Sectioningsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The possible existence of a threshold of G-fibre occurrence between 0.06 and 0.08% can be hypothesized. A similar result was obtained by Washusen et al (2003) in Eucalyptus globulus. Another threshold was also observed above 0.15 and 0.19 % where almost all fibres were G-fibre.…”

Section: Sectioningsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…4 and 6, sample 3 has lower GFR T , thinner mean GLT and lower GLR T than sample 4, but a higher GS. Similarly, Washusen et al (2003) reported that some tissue exhibited high GS with few G-fibres. They explained that it could be 210 attributed to a local heterogeneity in the amount of G-layer.…”

Section: Relationships Between Gs and Microscopic Features 180mentioning

confidence: 82%

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Growth Stresses are Highly Controlled by the Amount of G-Layer in Poplar Tension Wood

Fang¹,

Clair²,

Gril³

et al. 2008

IAWA J

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To determine how gelatinous fibres and gelatinous layers contribute to the magnitude of longitudinal growth stress in tension wood, anatomical measurements of gelatinous fibres were carried out on poplar tension wood (Populus I4551). It was found that (a) no gelatinous fibres were observed under a growth strain level of 0.06 to 20 0.08%; (b) almost 100% of the non-conductive tissues contained gelatinous fibres above a growth strain level of 0.15 to 0.19%; and (c) the area of fibres, the area of fibres with gelatinous layers per unit of tissue area, and the thickness of the gelatinous layers predominantly influence the magnitude of growth stress. 25 Key-words: gelatinous fibre, gelatinous layer, growth strain, growth stress, tension wood, poplar 2 IAWA Journal INTRODUCTIONTrees produce asymmetric growth stresses to maintain the vertical orientation of the main stem or the angle of a branch, in order to receive sufficient light or in 30 response to a strong dominant wind. This is usually achieved by the production of reaction wood, often combined with eccentric growth. While gymnosperms produce compression wood on the lower side of leaning stems, angiosperms produce tension wood generating high tensile stresses on their upper side (Wardrop 1964;Fisher & Stevenson 1981). Both strategies allow strongly 35 heterogeneous growth stress distribution at the periphery of stems, generating the bending moments required to control their shape. Normal wood fibres are composed of a thin primary wall and a thick secondary wall divided into 3 sub-layers; the S 1 , S 2 and S 3 layers. In many hardwood species such as beech, poplar, oak and chestnut, tension wood contains fibres with a 40 special morphology and chemical composition due to the development of the socalled gelatinous layer (G-layer) (Onaka 1949) that replaces the S 3 layer and a part or the whole of the S 2 layer (Saiki 1971). The G-layer is known to have a high cellulose content with a high degree of crystallinity (Norberg & Meier 1966;Côté et al. 1969) and to contain microfibrils oriented along the axis of the cell 45 (Fujita et al. 1974).There is some disagreement about the origin of growth stresses in wood (Boyd 1985;Bamber 1987;Yamamoto & Okuyama 1988;Okuyama et al. 1994;Yamamoto 1998;Bamber 2001). While it is known that some species do not need to produce G-layer to induce high growth stresses (Okuyama et al. 1994; Yoshida 50 et al. 2000;Clair et al. 2006b), tension wood with a G-layer is a good model for trying to understand growth stress generation. In this paper we will concentrate on the contribution of the G-layer to the magnitude of growth stresses in tension wood. Is it the percentage of fibres, the percentage of fibres with a G-layer (Gfibres) or the thickness of the G-layer in the G-fibres? 55Previous studies (Okuyama et al. 1994;Yamamoto et al. 2005) have examined similar questions, but G-layer quantification was biased by its swollen appearance always observed on sliding microtome sections (Clair et al. 2005a). Moreover, this artefact was ...

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Section: Sectioningsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Sectioningsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Growth Stresses are Highly Controlled by the Amount of G-Layer in Poplar Tension Wood

Fang¹,

Clair²,

Gril³

et al. 2008

IAWA J

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“…For tension wood, things are less known, and seem more diverse, like the anatomical characteristics (fibre with classical G-layer or not [15,19,30,42]) There are few results in the literature about the properties of tension wood, most of the work are dedicated to anatomy and growth strains. Poplar [11,17], Beech [11,41], Eucalyptus [5,34,35] and Chestnut [13] were mainly studied. In all cases when this property was looked at, longitudinal shrinkage was found higher (around 1% instead of 0.2%) for tension wood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparaison du bois de tension et du bois opposé de dix arbres provenant d’espèces différentes de forêt tropicale humide

et al. 2007

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-On 10 trees from 10 species of French Guyana tropical rainforest in a clear active process of restoring verticality growth strains were measured in situ in order to determine the occurrence of tension wood within samples. Wood specimens were cut in the vicinity of the growth strains measurements in order to measure some mechanical and physical properties. As suspected, tensile growth strains was very much higher in tension wood zone, because longitudinal modulus of elasticity was slightly higher. Longitudinal shrinkage was also much higher in tension wood than in opposite wood.tension wood / opposite wood / tropical rainforest / physical and mechanical properties Résumé -Comparaison du bois de tension et du bois opposé de dix arbres provenant d'espèces différentes de forêt tropicale humide. Des mesures de contraintes de croissance ont été réalisées sur 10 arbres en cours de redressement actif appartenant à 10 espèces de la forêt tropicale humide de Guyane Française afin de s'assurer de la présence de bois de tension. Des échantillons de bois, prélevés au voisinage des mesures de contraintes de croissance, ont permis de mesurer un certains nombres de propriétés physiques et mécaniques. Comme présumé les contraintes de croissance sont beaucoup plus élevées au niveau du secteur de bois de tension, car le module d'élasticité est légèrement plus élevé. Le retrait longitudinal est aussi plus élevé dans le bois de tension que dans le bois opposé.bois de tension / bois opposé / forêt tropicale humide / propriétés physiques et mécaniques

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“…Several studies suggest that the distinctive anatomical characteristics and chemical composition of tension wood directly cause the changes in physical and mechanical properties of wood. This leads to technological problems, such as distortion of solid wood during sawing due to the release of high longitudinal growth stresses, especially in plantation resources [12][13][14][15][16], defects during drying due to its high longitudinal shrinkage [17][18][19][20][21] and severe woolly surface during sawing and rotary cutting [21] due to gelatinous fiber (G-fiber), as well as the bad quality of paper made of G-fibers [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface growth stress and wood properties of 8-year-old planted Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) from different landrace provenances and trial sites in the Philippines

et al. 2019

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The scarcity of timber to supply the wood-based industries is one of the prevailing problems worldwide. Tree plantations are the remaining solutions to subdue the shortage of raw materials, at the same time sequester atmospheric CO 2 in its biomass to reduce global warming. Planting Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) contributes valuable economic inputs to small tree farmers in the Philippines. However, the occurrence of lumber defects during processing due to growth stresses reduces the potential value of timber. This study aimed to examine the differences of surface growth stresses and wood properties of an 8-year-old BL mahogany from six landrace provenances in two progeny trial sites, Butuan and Cagayan de Oro in the Philippines. The longitudinal released strains of the surface growth stress (SRS) were not significantly different among six landrace provenances and between two trial sites. The SRS were not significantly related to diameter at breast height (DBH) in both trial sites. The high level of negative SRS was observed in some tested trees with small diameter in both trial sites, which was attributed to the tension wood formation in an irregular-shaped stem. The xylem density (XD), average microfibril angle in the secondary cell wall (MFA), vessel element length (VL) and vessel element width (VW) had no significant differences among six landrace provenances. In terms of trial sites, Butuan trial site gave high lateral growth DBH, high XD, longer fiber length (FL) with a narrow fiber width (FW) and smaller MFA as compared to the Cagayan de Oro trial site. It was observed that an 8-year-old BL mahogany plantation with small-diameter trees exhibited high SRS, low XD, small FL, wide FW and large MFA, which are passively considered as properties of juvenile wood.

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The relationship between longitudinal growth strain and the occurrence of gelatinous fibers in 10 and 11-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Growth Stresses are Highly Controlled by the Amount of G-Layer in Poplar Tension Wood

Growth Stresses are Highly Controlled by the Amount of G-Layer in Poplar Tension Wood

Comparaison du bois de tension et du bois opposé de dix arbres provenant d’espèces différentes de forêt tropicale humide

Surface growth stress and wood properties of 8-year-old planted Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) from different landrace provenances and trial sites in the Philippines

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