The Relationship between Nicotine Dependence Level and Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Young Soldiers: A Case Control Study

Taş, Dilaver; Sevketbeyoglu, Haldun; Aydin, Ahmet Fakih; Celik, Kamil; Karaca, Mehmet

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1219

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…All except two studies included both genders; two studies only included men. [15,16] Five studies had selected clinical populations including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[17], selected HIV-related medical conditions[16], minor thoracic injury[18] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[19,20]. One study reported an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease and included participants who visited an aquarium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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Aim To summarise and quantify the effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Web of Science, from inception to October 2017, to identify case-control and cohort studies and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The review protocol was registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42018093943). Study quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using a random-effects model. Results Of 647 studies identified, 27 studies were included (n = 460,592 participants) in the systematic review. Most of the included studies were of moderate quality with a median score of six (IQR 6–7). Meta-analysis showed that current smokers (pooled OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.70–2.76, n = 13 studies; pooled HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.13–2.04, n = 7 studies) and ex-smokers (pooled OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.26–1.75, n = 8 studies; pooled HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.91–1.52, n = 6 studies) were more likely to develop CAP compared to never smokers. Although the association between passive smoking and risk of CAP in adults of all ages was not statistically significant (pooled OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.94–1.36, n = 5 studies), passive smoking in adults aged ≥65 years was associated with a 64% increased risk of CAP (pooled OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.17–2.30, n = 2 studies). Dose-response analyses of data from five studies revealed a significant trend; current smokers who smoked higher amount of tobacco had a higher risk of CAP. Conclusion Tobacco smoke exposure is significantly associated with the development of CAP in current smokers and ex-smokers. Adults aged > 65 years who are passive smokers are also at higher risk of CAP. For current smokers, a significant dose-response relationship is evident.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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“…Direct evidence of a role for tobacco in the development of heat illness is lacking, but smoking-associated risks that could precipitate or contribute to an episode in military personnel include decreased physical fitness26 27 and intercurrent illness 1928 29 It is disappointing that the requirement to achieve significant reductions in smoking among British Army personnel23 25 is yet to be met in the training environment and a fresh approach to prevention may be required. In contrast, the use of dietary and exercise supplements was much lower than reported for UK military personnel deployed on operations to Afghanistan in 2010 (40.2%)24 and Iraq in 2009 (32.0%)30 and for British Army personnel attending UK-based training establishments in 2010/2011 (38%) 14.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for heat illness among British soldiers in the hot Collective Training Environment

Moore

Stacey

Bailey³

et al. 2015

J R Army Med Corps

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BackgroundHeat illness is a preventable disorder in military populations. Measures that protect vulnerable individuals and contribute to effective Immediate Treatment may reduce the impact of heat illness, but depend upon adequate understanding and awareness among Commanders and their troops.ObjectiveTo assess risk factors for heat illness in British soldiers deployed to the hot Collective Training Environment (CTE) and to explore awareness of Immediate Treatment responses.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was distributed to British soldiers deployed in the hot CTEs of Kenya and Canada. Responses were analysed to determine the prevalence of individual (Intrinsic) and Command-practice (Extrinsic) risk factors for heat illness and the self-reported awareness of key Immediate Treatment priorities (recognition, first aid and casualty evacuation).ResultsThe prevalence of Intrinsic risk factors was relatively low in comparison with Extrinsic risk factors. The majority of respondents were aware of key Immediate Treatment responses. The most frequently reported factors in each domain were increased risk by body composition scoring, inadequate time for heat acclimatisation and insufficient briefing about casualty evacuation.ConclusionsNovel data on the distribution and scale of risk factors for heat illness are presented. A collective approach to risk reduction by the accumulation of ‘marginal gains’ is proposed for the UK military. This should focus on limiting Intrinsic risk factors before deployment, reducing Extrinsic factors during training and promoting timely Immediate Treatment responses within the hot CTE.

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“…Smoking is also an important risk factor in the development of community acquired pneumonia. Infection incidence increases in smokers due to impaired mucociliary clearance, increased inflammation and adherence of pathogens, epithelial destruction and changes in the host defense mechanisms (Tas et al, 2008).…”

Section: Risk Factors Of Respiratory Diseases In the Military Environmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory tract infections in the military environment

Korzeniewski

Nitsch–Osuch

Konior

et al. 2015

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Military personnel fighting in contemporary battlefields as well as those participating in combat training are at risk of contracting respiratory infections. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that soldiers deployed to the harsh environment have higher rates of newly reported respiratory symptoms than non-deployers. Acute respiratory diseases are the principle reason for outpatient treatment and hospitalization among military personnel, with an incidence exceeding that of the adult civilian population by up to three-fold. Adenoviruses, influenza A and B viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, coronaviruses and rhinoviruses have been identified as the main causes of acute respiratory infections among the military population. Although infective pathogens have been extensively studied, a significant proportion of illnesses (over 40%) have been due to unknown causative agents. Other health hazards, which can lead to respiratory illnesses among troops, are extreme air temperatures, desert dust, emissions from burn pits, industrial pollutants, and airborne contaminants originating from degraded soil. Limited diagnostic capabilities, especially inside the area of operations, make it difficult to accurately estimate the exact number of respiratory diseases in the military environment. The aim of the study was to discuss the occurrence of respiratory tract infections in army personnel, existing risk factors and preventive measures.

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The Relationship between Nicotine Dependence Level and Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Young Soldiers: A Case Control Study

Abstract: Objective Smoking is an important risk factor in the development of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Risk factors for heat illness among British soldiers in the hot Collective Training Environment

Respiratory tract infections in the military environment

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