The Relationship Between Referral of Touch and the Feeling of Ownership in the Rubber Hand Illusion

Reader, Arran T; Trifonova, Victoria S; Ehrsson, H. Henrik

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629590

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Accordingly, in our solution, the item about the referral of touch loaded on the ownership community. This result is in line with previous studies reporting a correlation between the referral of touch and the ownership during the RHI (Makin, Holmes, and Ehrsson, 2008;Reader, Trifonova, & Ehrsson, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The network of the subjective experience in embodiment phenomena

Tosi

Romano

2021

Preprint

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Body illusions are designed to temporarily alter body representation by embodying fake bodies or part of them. Despite their large use, the embodiment questionnaires have been validated only for the embodiment of fake hands in the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI). With the current study, we aimed at (i) extending the validation of embodiment questionnaires to a different illusory situation (e.g., the Full-Body Illusion - FBI); (ii) comparing two methods to explore the questionnaires structures: a classic Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a modern Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA). 118 healthy participants completed an FBI procedure where the subjective experience of embodiment was measured with a standard questionnaire. The EFA results in two-factor structures. However, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) fit indices do not show a good fit with the data. Conversely, the EGA identified four communities: ownership, agency, co-location and disembodiment; the solution was confirmed by a CFA. Overall, the EGA seems to be the best fitting method for the present data. Our results confirm the EGA as a suitable substitute for a more classical EFA. Moreover, the emerged structure suggests that the FBI induces similar effects to the RHI, implying that the embodiment sensations are common to different illusory methods. Public Significance Statement: The study indicates that the Exploratory Graph Analysis is a convenient substitute for a more classical Exploratory Factor Analysis. Moreover, the present paper suggests that different illusory methods induce similar embodiment effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The network of the subjective experience in embodiment phenomena

Tosi

Romano

2021

Preprint

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“…While much of the quantitative evidence for the RHI could, taken at face value, be accounted for by faking and conscious imagination, there are other sources of evidence to consider. First, rates of response to the illusion are fairly high (approximately 60% report at least minimum agreement for a statement describing ownership of a fake hand, Lush et al, 2020;Reader et al, 2021). Furthermore, RHI researchers and those reporting on the effect may well have experience of it (e.g., see Yong, 2011), While such evidence may influence our intuitions regarding the likelihood of RHI effects being entirely attributable to demand characteristics as traditionally conceived (cases 2 Demand characteristics -36 and 3), it does not rule out the possibility that effects arise from acts of imagination that are not experienced as intentional -phenomenological control (case 4; for other examples of accounts of the RHI which involve active imagination without conscious intent to deceive the experimenter; see Alsmith, 2015;Dieguez, 2018).…”

Section: Rhi Effects In Hypothesis-unaware Participants (Case 1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sixty years after Orne’s American Psychologist article: A Conceptual Framework for Subjective Experiences Elicited by Demand Characteristics.

Corneille¹,

Lush²

2021

Preprint

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The present article proposes a critical discussion of “demand characteristics”. This notion, despite its longstanding and widespread use in behavioral research, suffers from significant conceptual ambiguities. After briefly discussing the historical roots of “demand characteristics” and stressing that this notion remains highly influential in psychological research (Section 1), we proceed to its conceptual analysis (Section 2). Here, we discuss the complex nature of “demand characteristics” regarding effects, mechanisms, and measures. Then, we propose a Multifaceted Demand Characteristics Model (Section 3), and we apply it to two research domains of high contemporary interest: Evaluative Conditioning (Section 4.1) and Rubber Hand Illusion (Section 4.2). In the General Discussion, we summarize the central insights of the current analysis and discuss when and how theorization around “demand characteristics” may prevent and help advance behavioral research and interventions.

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“…Whilst the RHI is most commonly used to examine the sense of body ownership and related phenomena, several studies have critically examined the RHI as an experimental paradigm. For example, researchers have studied the phrasing used in RHI questionnaires (Tamè et al, 2018), the relationship between different sensations elicited by the illusion (e.g., (Kalckert et al, 2019;Reader et al, 2021)), and the roles of individual differences and suggestibility in influencing participant responses (e.g., (Germine et al, 2013;Lush et al, 2020;Marotta et al, 2016;Perepelkina et al, 2017;Romano et al, 2021;Tsakiris et al, 2011)). The latter studies may be particularly important for assessing which factors influence subjective experience during the illusion, which may afford greater variability in participant responses than the implicit measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do participants expect to experience in the rubber hand illusion? A conceptual replication of Lush (2020)

Reader¹

2021

Preprint

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The sense of body ownership (the feeling that the body belongs to the self) is commonly believed to arise through multisensory integration. This is famously shown in the rubber hand illusion (RHI), where touches applied synchronously to a false hand and to the participant’s real hand (which is hidden from view) can induce a sensation of ownership over the fake one. Asynchronous touches weaken the illusion, and are typically used as a control condition. Subjective experience during the illusion is measured using a questionnaire, with some statements designed to capture illusory sensation and others designed as controls. However, recent work by Lush (2020, Collabra: Psychology) claimed that participants may have different levels of expectation for questionnaire items in the synchronous condition compared to the asynchronous condition, and for the illusion-related items compared to the control items. This may mean that the classic RHI questionnaire is poorly controlled for demand characteristics. As such, Lush (2020) suggested that subjective reports in the RHI may reflect compliance or even the generation of experience to meet expectations (‘phenomenological control’), rather than multisensory processes underlying the sense of body ownership. In the current work a conceptual replication of Lush (2020) was performed with an improved experimental design. Participants were presented with a video of the RHI procedure and reported the sensations they would expect to experience, both in open questions and by rating questionnaire items. In keeping with Lush (2020), participants had greater expectations for illusion statements in the synchronous condition compared to the asynchronous condition, and for illusion statements compared to control statements. However, there was also evidence that some expectations may be driven by exposure to the questionnaire items rather than exposure to the illusion procedure. The role of pre-illusion expectations and expectations driven by questionnaire exposure in the RHI require further examination.

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The Relationship Between Referral of Touch and the Feeling of Ownership in the Rubber Hand Illusion

Cited by 26 publications

References 31 publications

The network of the subjective experience in embodiment phenomena

The network of the subjective experience in embodiment phenomena

Sixty years after Orne’s American Psychologist article: A Conceptual Framework for Subjective Experiences Elicited by Demand Characteristics.

What do participants expect to experience in the rubber hand illusion? A conceptual replication of Lush (2020)

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