The Relationship between Some Plasma Clearance Methods for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs with Pyometra

Heiene, Reidun; Moe, Lars

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02215.x

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…One of these procedures relates GFR to the extra- cellular fluid volume (ECFV). Heiene et al [23] showed that PCio standardized by the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) in dogs results in the smallest coefficient of variation in a comparison with other standardization procedures (PCio/BW and PCio/BSA), but the PCio/ECFV value maintains its relationship with BW. In the present study, PCio could not be standardized by ECFV because plasma clearance using the 2-compartment model is needed to calculate ECFV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike in healthy dogs, as the standardization of PCio by BSA in cats can counteract the effect of BW, PCio/BSA may be more adapted for assessment of GFR than PCio/BW in cats. In humans and animals, standardization procedures for GFR have been proposed because GFR depends on body size [23,24,30]. One of these procedures relates GFR to the extra- cellular fluid volume (ECFV).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

2010

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ABSTRACT. Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common disorders in dogs and cats. The plasma urea nitrogen (P-UN) and creatinine (P-Cre) concentrations are not sufficiently sensitive for early diagnosis of renal dysfunction. Although urine and plasma clearance methods allow earlier detection of reductions in the GFR, it is difficult to estimate a mildly reduced GFR from the values obtained by these methods, as they are also affected by physiological factors, such as body weight (BW) and age. The present study is a retrospective survey designed to assess the factors that affect markers of kidney function and to revaluate the clinical utility of the markers, including P-UN, P-Cre and GFR determined by plasma iohexol clearance (PCio) in dogs and cats. The P-UN, P-Cre and PCio values in dogs and the P-Cre and PCio values in cats were significantly correlated with BW (P<0.001). PCio in smaller dogs (15.0 kg) was significantly and inversely correlated with age. In smaller dogs, increase of P-UN alone might warrant a suspicion of a decreased GFR, but in contrast, P-Cre may be inefficient for detecting renal dysfunction or determining the severity of CKD compared with that in larger dogs ( 15.1 kg). P-Cre in larger dogs correlated better with PCio than in smaller dogs, suggesting that P-Cre in larger dogs was a more sensitive marker of reduced GFR.KEY WORDS: body weight, plasma creatinine, plasma iohexol clearance, plasma urea nitrogen.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(9): 1129-1136, 2010 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common disorders and is a common cause of death in dogs and cats. The prevalence of renal diseases has been reported to range from 0.5 to 7% in dogs and from 1.6 to 20% in cats [29,43]. Although CKD occurs in dogs and cats of all ages, the mortality of CKD commonly increases with age. In human and veterinary medicine, CKD is diagnosed by detecting chronic decreases in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or the presence of chronic renal damage [4,36]. GFR can be evaluated indirectly from the concentrations of plasma and urine markers, which are dependent on the amount eliminated by the kidneys. The plasma urea nitrogen (P-UN) and creatinine (P-Cre) concentrations are widely used as endogenous markers to evaluate renal function in dogs and cats because they can be easily, rapidly and cheaply measured. GFR is measured directly by urine or plasma clearance methods using inulin, creatinine or iohexol [7,14,15,20,21,33,34]. Although the urinary clearances of inulin and creatinine are considered to be the gold standards for measuring GFR in humans and animals, these methods are impractical in clinical settings because they require insertion of a bladder catheter, which is associated with a risk of developing a urinary tract infection or urethral injury; complete collection of a timed urine sample; and continuous infusion of the marker. The single injection technique can be used to determine plasma clearance from the elimination curve of a marker in plasma after a bolus injection. Plasma clearance ca...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

2010

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“…The results presented herein are in agreement with previous studies in dogs and cats, with the same or a different tracer and support of the use of a simplified plasma clearance method for routine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation in clinical practice. 9,20,21 Normalization was performed before calculating error associated with simplified methods, because normalized clearances are used in clinical practice. Unnormalized clearances have a larger range than normalized clearances with a potential positive effect on regression analysis and calculation of coefficient of determination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possibility to minimize error when using 2 samples is to 1st calculate clearance by use of the AUC corresponding to the late monoexponential part of the time-concentration curve, and to correct the calculated clearance with an empirically established equation, to take into account, the early phase. 5,8,9,20 Both methods have been validated, but the method used in this study has been shown to yield less error in clearance estimation. 9 The difference in the best combination of sampling times for dogs (5 and 120 minutes) and cats (20 and 180 minutes) found in this study probably reflects differences in the population and mean clearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplified Methods for Estimation of Plasma Clearance of Iohexol in Dogs and Cats

Goy‐Thollot¹,

Besse²,

Garnier³

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate simplified methods for iohexol plasma clearance estimation in dogs and cats. Serial blood samples were taken before and 5, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, and 240 minutes after a bolus injection of iohexol in 51 dogs and 25 cats. Iohexol plasma concentration was determined with X-ray fluorescence. Clearance was calculated by dividing the injected dose by the area under the plasma tracer elimination curve estimated with a 2-compartment pharmacologic model. Clearance was normalized to body surface area (BSA). The 10-point clearance was used as a reference for the evaluation of simplified methods. A 2-sample method based on a single exponential fit and a single-sample method based on a linear quadratic model were investigated. Simplified methods were evaluated by calculating the standard deviation of the difference (SDD) between the clearances obtained with the simplified methods and the 10-point reference method. All combinations of sampling times were evaluated. The best sampling times were chosen for dogs and cats as the ones yielding the lowest SDD. Linear regression analysis was performed between the reference method and the optimized simplified methods. The best combination of time for the 2-sample method was 5 and 120 minutes in dogs and 20 and 180 minutes in cats. The best time for sampling in the single-sample method was 120 minutes in dogs and 80 minutes in cats. Plasma clearance of iohexol can be estimated in dogs and cats from 1 or 2 blood samples with a reasonable margin of error.

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“…A dose of 10 mg/kg on days 1, 2, and 7 in combination with antibiotics was successful in treating 21 bitches and 4 cats with only 1 recurrence over a 14-month period of observation. 60,[66][67][68] No side effects were observed, and 2 of the bitches went on to be successfully bred. 68 Although the availability and high cost of these agents limit current use of these agents in the United States, with time they may become a valuable tool in the treatment of pyometra.…”

Section: Pyometramentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacologic Advances in Canine and Feline Reproduction

Wiebe

Howard

2009

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

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Substantial improvements in therapeutic options for companion animal reproduction and gynecologic emergencies have been made over the last decade. New, alternative drug treatments, with fewer side effects and improved efficacy, are available. This has widened the spectrum of therapeutic possibilities for diseases that were previously treated only by surgical intervention. New drugs are available for estrus induction and pregnancy termination, as well as for the treatment of pyometra. This review summarizes the pharmacology and toxicology of reproductive agents currently in use for contraception, pyometra, dystocia, eclampsia, premature labor, agalactia, mastitis, metritis, and prostatic disorders, and compares their efficacy and safety with newer agents. Drug use and exposure during pregnancy and lactation, and subsequent risks to the fetuses, are also explored, with emphasis on antimicrobials, antifungals, anthelminthics, anesthetics, and vaccinations.

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The Relationship between Some Plasma Clearance Methods for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs with Pyometra

Cited by 32 publications

References 39 publications

Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats

Simplified Methods for Estimation of Plasma Clearance of Iohexol in Dogs and Cats

Pharmacologic Advances in Canine and Feline Reproduction

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