“…In response, several scholars have attempted to examine the applicability of the original MVS across cultures. 7,8,17,18 While some scholars have examined differences and similarities related to MVS in a cross-cultural context by performing various mean, variance or correlation tests, 17,18 others have attested that such an approach may be inappropriate for studying a universal marketing construct because it dismisses measurement issues, particularly measurement equivalence. 7,8 Without evidence of measurement equivalence, one cannot make valid inferences about differences among cultures or genders because it is not clear whether observed mean differences are based on ' true ' differences or if they are due to differential item functioning across groups.…”