The Relationship between Structurally Different Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Western Flower Thrips Resistance in F2 Hybrids of Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica

Abstract

Segregating plant hybrids often have more ecological and molecular variability compared to parental species, and are therefore useful for studying relationships between different traits, and the adaptive significance of trait variation. Hybrid systems have been used to study the relationship between the expression of plant defense compounds and herbivore susceptibility. We conducted a western flower thrips (WFT) bioassay using a hybrid family and investigated the relationship between WFT resistance and pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) variation. The hybrid family consisted of two parental (Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica) genotypes, two F 1 genotypes, and 94 F 2 hybrid lines. The J. aquatica genotype was more susceptible to thrips attack than the J. vulgaris genotype, the two F 1 hybrids were as susceptible as J. aquatica, and susceptibility to WFT differed among F 2 hybrid lines: 69 F 2 lines were equally susceptible compared to J. aquatica, 10 F 2 lines were more susceptible than J. aquatica and 15 F 2 lines were as resistant as J. vulgaris or were intermediate to the two parental genotypes. Among 37 individual PAs that were derived from four structural groups (senecionine-, jacobine-, erucifoline-and otosenine-like PAs), the Noxides of jacobine, jaconine, and jacoline were negatively correlated with feeding damage caused by WFT, and the tertiary amines of jacobine, jaconine, jacoline, and other PAs did not relate to feeding damage. Total PA concentration was negatively correlated with feeding damage. Among the four PA groups, only the total concentration of the jacobine-like PAs was negatively correlated with feeding damage. Multiple regression tests suggested that jacobine-like PAs play a greater role in WFT resistance than PAs from other structural groups. We found no evidence for synergistic effects of different PAs on WFT resistance. The relationship between PA variation and WFT feeding damage in the Jacobaea hybrids suggests a role for PAs in resistance to generalist insects.

Diversity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in native and invasive Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae): Implications for toxicity

“…Dried, ground leaf material was extracted according to the procedure described by Cheng et al (2011a). Powdered material was extracted with 2% HCOOH solution in a 1 to 100 ratio (w/v).…”

“…PAs are acutely toxic, genotoxic and teratogenic to vertebrates and invertebrates (Chen et al, 2010;Cheng et al, 2011a;Frei et al, 1992;Moyano et al, 2006;Stegelmeier et al, 1999). Chronic ingestion of PA-containing plants and contaminated hay, straw or silage, causes livestock poisoning (Cheeke, 1988;Wiedenfeld and Edgar, 2011).…”

UPLC–MS/MS method for determination of selected pyrrolizidine alkaloids in feed

“…They cause intoxications characterised by hepatotoxicity which might result in hemorrhagic necrosis and veno-occlusion in the liver (Prakash, Pereira, Reilly, & Seawright, 1999;Zhou et al, 2010). Human exposure originates from directly consuming PA-containing teas, plant material and herbal dietary supplements (Avula, Wang, Wang, Smillie, & Khan, 2012;Cheng, Kirk, Vrieling, Mulder, & Klinkhamer, 2011;EFSA, 2011). Consumption is also possible via contaminated honey and animal product such as meat, milk and eggs.…”

“…In particular, methods based on LC-MS have been proven to be highly beneficial for the detection of PAs in honey (Crews, Startin, & Clarke, 1997;Dübecke, Beckh, & Lüllmann, 2011;Griffin et al, 2013;Martinello, Cristofoli, Gallina, & Mutinelli, 2014) or in complex matrices such as plant materials (Avula et al, 2012;Cheng et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2008;Zhou et al, 2010). Another method using LC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry has been published to determine PAs and other natural toxins in food and feed (Mol, Van Dam, Zomer, & Mulder, 2011).…”

Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio vulgaris plants from native and invasive ranges

“…They play a role in plant resistance to most vertebrates and generalist herbivores (Schneider 1987;Macel 2003;Cheng et al, 2011b) and pathogens (Hol & Van Veen 2002;Singh et al, 2002). PAs functioned in the resistance against generalist herbivores (Leiss et al, 2009b;Macel & Klinkhamer 2010) such as generalist snail (Helix aspersa) (Cano et al, 2009), leafminer (Liriomyzia moth), western flower thrips (Franklinella occidentalis) (Cheng 2012), Brachycaudus cardii (Vrieling et al, 1990;Macel 2003;Leiss et al, 2009a).…”