The relationship between visual memory and rider expertise in a show-jumping context

Hall, Carol; Liley, Charlotte; Murphy, Jack; Crundall, David

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.007

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The novice sample comprised five trainee riders who had regular experience of participating in show-jumping competitions at a local level in Ireland. In line with Hall, Liley, Murphy, and Crundall (2009), age data were recorded categorically. Thus, participants indicated their age by selecting a category to which they belong.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation.

Moran¹,

Quinn²,

Campbell³

et al. 2016

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

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Since the 1990s, eye-tracking researchers have investigated expert–novice differences in visual attentional processes among athletes. One such difference concerns the quiet eye (QE) phenomenon, or the time that elapses between a skilled performer’s last fixation on a specific target and the subsequent initiation of a relevant motor response. Despite extensive research on QE, however, the precise attentional mechanisms underlying its effects remain unclear. Therefore, to address this issue, the present study explores the potential value of using pupillometry (the measurement of changes in pupil diameter as a function of cognitive processing) to investigate attentional effort (also known as mental effort), or the allocation of attentional resources during QE for athletes of different levels of ability. We predicted that experts would exert significantly more attentional effort (increased pupil dilation) than would their less-skilled counterparts during QE. Fifteen equestrian performers (5 expert, 5 intermediate or near-expert, and 5 novice riders) were eye-tracked while making a critical decision in a laboratory setting as they viewed a video-based show-jumping sequence. Overall, our results show that pupillometry can be used to identify skill-based differences in attentional effort during QE, F(2, 8) = 5.099, p < .05, η2 = 0.560). Substantial individual differences in pupil dilation were also found among participants. Furthermore, results show a significant positive correlation (r = .692, p < .05) between duration of QE and the exertion of attentional effort. Following a discussion of the theoretical significance of these findings, methodological limitations are acknowledged, and some potentially fruitful new directions for pupillometry research on QE processes are identified.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation.

Moran¹,

Quinn²,

Campbell³

et al. 2016

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The processing of visual information (i.e., the ability to evaluate and react quickly to environmental stimuli) is important to ensure maximum accuracy in show jumping performance; in particular, this rapid-response ability is crucial where horse and rider negotiate obstacles such as jumps at speed ( Hall, Liley, Murphy, & Crundall, 2009 ). While attention appears to be critical, there is no information in the literature about the infl uences of blood lactate levels on the equestrian's attention during show jumping.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention and Blood Lactate Levels in Equestrians Performing Show Jumping

et al. 2014

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In equestrian show jumping, attention is particularly important to ensure maximum accuracy. Due to the anaerobic nature of the jumping and its requirement for precision coordination between human and horse, there may be a relation between the onset of lactic threshold and decrease in attention. In 12 healthy and injury-free equestrians (6 men, 6 women), the effects (blood lactate and glucose) of a show jumping course (250 m long with eight vertical obstacles with a height of 1.15 m height) on capacity and selectivity of attention was assessed. A typical reaction time paradigm and test of divided attention were administered. At the end of the course a significant increase of blood lactate was observed, whereas blood glucose did not significantly change. A deterioration of attention (intensity and selectivity) and a worsening of performance with increasing of blood lactate were observed. The present results led to the conclusion that the increase in blood lactate that occurs in riders executing a show jumping course is associated with worsening of both attentive capabilities and performance.

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“…The most expert riders allocated more fixations to slides than did less-skilled riders and were significantly less dependent on the overall course plan when inspecting the fences [10]. Most recently, we have demonstrated evidence for the relationship between visual skills and rider experience in a show-jumping context via the recall of visual information from static images representing approaches to jumps [11]. Relevant and irrelevant points of focus (in relation to jumping the fence) were identified in 22 photographs of show-jumps and the ability to select these from 4 alternatives was tested.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The questionnaire was adapted from that used by Hall, Liley, Murphy and Crundall [11] and incorporated questions relating to jumping skill level (see Table 1). The questionnaire scores were then used as a measure of rider skill.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keeping Your Eye on the Rail: Gaze Behaviour of Horse Riders Approaching a Jump

et al. 2014

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The gaze behaviour of riders during their approach to a jump was investigated using a mobile eye tracking device (ASL Mobile Eye). The timing, frequency and duration of fixations on the jump and the percentage of time when their point of gaze (POG) was located elsewhere were assessed. Fixations were identified when the POG remained on the jump for 100 ms or longer. The jumping skill of experienced but non-elite riders (n = 10) was assessed by means of a questionnaire. Their gaze behaviour was recorded as they completed a course of three identical jumps five times. The speed and timing of the approach was calculated. Gaze behaviour throughout the overall approach and during the last five strides before take-off was assessed following frame-by-frame analyses. Differences in relation to both round and jump number were found. Significantly longer was spent fixated on the jump during round 2, both during the overall approach and during the last five strides (p<0.05). Jump 1 was fixated on significantly earlier and more frequently than jump 2 or 3 (p<0.05). Significantly more errors were made with jump 3 than with jump 1 (p = 0.01) but there was no difference in errors made between rounds. Although no significant correlations between gaze behaviour and skill scores were found, the riders who scored higher for jumping skill tended to fixate on the jump earlier (p = 0.07), when the horse was further from the jump (p = 0.09) and their first fixation on the jump was of a longer duration (p = 0.06). Trials with elite riders are now needed to further identify sport-specific visual skills and their relationship with performance. Visual training should be included in preparation for equestrian sports participation, the positive impact of which has been clearly demonstrated in other sports.

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The relationship between visual memory and rider expertise in a show-jumping context

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation.

Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation.

Attention and Blood Lactate Levels in Equestrians Performing Show Jumping

Keeping Your Eye on the Rail: Gaze Behaviour of Horse Riders Approaching a Jump

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