The relationship between visual search and categorization of own‐ and other‐age faces

Craig, Belinda M.; Lipp, Ottmar V.

doi:10.1111/bjop.12297

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Finding that participants were faster on average to categorize other‐age than own‐age faces and more accurate to recognize own‐age than other‐age faces is consistent with previous studies reporting the other‐age categorization advantage (Craig & Lipp, , ; Johnston et al ., ; Wiese et al ., ) and the OAB (Anastasi & Rhodes, ; Rhodes & Anastasi, ; Wiese et al ., ). Finding that the OAB in the current study was due to participants having a more liberal response criterion and responding with more false alarms for older adult than young adult faces is also consistent with previous research (Rhodes & Anastasi, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Despite this, only a handful of studies have investigated categorization and individuation processes in the context of the OAB. Similar to the other‐race categorization advantage, previous studies have shown an other‐age categorization advantage – faster categorization of other‐age than own‐age faces (Craig & Lipp, , ; Johnston, Kanazawa, Kato, & Oda, ; Wiese, Schweinberger, & Hansen, ). To date, no studies have sought to assess whether the other‐age categorization advantage and the OAB are related (as has been done for the own‐race bias), but one study has attempted to manipulate the degree to which observers engaged in age categorization to examine the influence of this manipulation on the OAB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The categorization task was not the context in which the faces were encoded. Previous studies show that the other‐age categorization advantage is observed when the age categorization task is completed first as well as after other tasks (Craig & Lipp, , ) so the other‐age categorization advantage is not contingent on prior exposure to the faces. We cannot, however, conclude that relatively poorer memory for older adult faces was caused by faster categorization of that face.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The results observed could have arisen due to properties of the stimuli unrelated to the identity or age of the faces. In previous research, the OAB and the other‐age categorization advantage have been observed using older adult and children's faces which differ considerably in the visual properties that indicate their age (Craig & Lipp, ; Johnston et al ., ; Rhodes & Anastasi, ). This makes it less likely that specific properties of the stimuli used in this experiment can explain the results; however, using a crossover design and finding the same own‐age versus other‐age biases in samples of young adults (where older adults represent the other‐age group) and older adults (where young adults represent the other‐age group) would be one way to provide more definitive evidence against a stimulus‐based account.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Social categorization and individuation in the own‐age bias

Craig

Thorne

2019

British J of Psychology

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Young adults recognize other young adult faces more accurately than older adult faces, an effect termed the own-age bias (OAB). The categorization-individuation model (CIM) proposes that recognition memory biases like the OAB occur as unfamiliar faces are initially quickly categorized. In-group faces are seen as socially relevant which motivates the processing of individuating facial features. Outgroup faces are processed more superficially with attention to category-specific information which hinders subsequent recognition. To examine the roles of categorization and individuation in the context of the OAB, participants completed a face recognition task and a speeded age categorization task including young and older adult faces. In the recognition task, half of the participants were given instructions aimed to encourage individuation of other-age faces. An OAB emerged that was not influenced by individuation instructions, but the magnitude of the OAB was correlated with performance in the categorization task. The larger the categorization advantage for older adult over young adult faces, the larger the OAB. These results support the premise that social categorization processes can affect the subsequent recognition of own-and other-age faces, but do not provide evidence for the effectiveness of individuation instructions in reducing the OAB.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Social categorization and individuation in the own‐age bias

Craig

Thorne

2019

British J of Psychology

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“…First impressions of various personality traits are formed from faces, particularly dominance and trustworthiness 16 , 17 that inform important social decisions from voting to criminal sentencing 18 , 19 . This social information can also influence the way that attention is allocated to faces 20 , 21 and can augment the anger superiority effect. For example, the sex of faces influenced the speed of detecting happy and angry faces in crowds 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial hair may slow detection of happy facial expressions in the face in the crowd paradigm

Dixson

Spiers

Miller

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Human visual systems have evolved to extract ecologically relevant information from complex scenery. In some cases, the face in the crowd visual search task demonstrates an anger superiority effect, where anger is allocated preferential attention. Across three studies (N = 419), we tested whether facial hair guides attention in visual search and influences the speed of detecting angry and happy facial expressions in large arrays of faces. In Study 1, participants were faster to search through clean-shaven crowds and detect bearded targets than to search through bearded crowds and detect clean-shaven targets. In Study 2, targets were angry and happy faces presented in neutral backgrounds. Facial hair of the target faces was also manipulated. An anger superiority effect emerged that was augmented by the presence of facial hair, which was due to the slower detection of happiness on bearded faces. In Study 3, targets were happy and angry faces presented in either bearded or clean-shaven backgrounds. Facial hair of the background faces was also systematically manipulated. A significant anger superiority effect was revealed, although this was not moderated by the target’s facial hair. Rather, the anger superiority effect was larger in clean-shaven than bearded face backgrounds. Together, results suggest that facial hair does influence detection of emotional expressions in visual search, however, rather than facilitating an anger superiority effect as a potential threat detection system, facial hair may reduce detection of happy faces within the face in the crowd paradigm.

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Is Face Age Mapped Asymmetrically onto Space? Insights from a SNARC-like Task

Dalmaso

Vicovaro

2021

Symmetry

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The magnitude associated with a stimulus can be spatially connoted, with relatively smaller and larger magnitudes that would be represented on the left and on the right side of space, respectively. According to recent evidence, this space–magnitude association could reflect specific brain asymmetries. In this study, we explored whether such an association can also emerge for face age, assuming that responders should represent relatively younger and older adult faces on the left and on the right, respectively. A sample of young adults performed a speeded binary classification task aimed at categorising the age of a centrally placed adult face stimulus as either younger or older than the age of a reference face. A left-side and a right-side response key were used to collect manual responses. Overall, older faces were categorised faster than younger faces, and response latencies decreased with the absolute difference between the age of the target stimulus and the age of the reference, in line with a distance effect. However, no evidence of a left-to-right spatial representation of face age emerged. Taken together, these results suggest that face age is mapped onto space differently from other magnitudes.

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The relationship between visual search and categorization of own‐ and other‐age faces

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Social categorization and individuation in the own‐age bias

Social categorization and individuation in the own‐age bias

Facial hair may slow detection of happy facial expressions in the face in the crowd paradigm

Is Face Age Mapped Asymmetrically onto Space? Insights from a SNARC-like Task

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