The relationship of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations to the enzyme immunoassay measurements of urinary estrone conjugates and immunoreactive pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide in Macaca mulatta

Abstract

Paired urine and serum samples from four conceptive and six nonconceptive ovarian cycles of seven adult Macaca mulatta were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for circulating estradiol (E,) and progesterone (Po), and urinary estrone conjugates (E,C) and immunoreactive preganediol-3-glucuronide (iPDG) using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nonconceptive cycles exhibited a fivefold increase in urinary E,C and serum E2 levels from follicular phase levels to the preovulatory peak. Linear correlation between urinary E,C and serum E, nonconceptive cycle hormone levels was significant (RO.01, r = 0.69). Luteal phase levels of iPDG and serum Po levels were approximately parallel in nonconceptive cycles. Similarly, conceptive cycle urinary E,C levels and serum E, measurements had a correlation coefficient that was significant (P<O.Ol, r = 0.45). Nonconceptive and conceptive cycle iPDG and Po levels were significantly correlated (P = 0.05, r = 0.63, and P<O.Ol, r = 0.66, respectively). These data demonstrate that EIA measurements of ovarian hormones in daily urine samples can be used to accurately monitor ovarian function and early pregnancy in Macaca mulatta.

Comparison of Three Fecal Steroid Metabolites for Pregnancy Detection Used With Single Sampling in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis)

“…In addition, all of these have significant crossreactivity with the assay's antibody (Shideler et al, 1991). Previous studies with domestic sheep have shown that, although this species produces increasing quantities of estrogens throughout the entire preg-nancy, the primary metabolites are probably a nonreactive diconjugate of some sort rather than the collective E 1 C conjugates (Lasley, pers.…”

“…Fecal extracts were assayed by EIA for progesterone metabolites related to PdG and estradiol metabolites, for estrone conjugates (E 1 C) as described by Shideler et al (1991), and for immunoreactive pregnanediol-like progesterone metabolites (iPdG) as described by Kirkpatrick et al (1991). Quantities of fecal extracts were 20 l for PdG and iPdG and 40 l for E 1 C. Assays were validated for bighorn sheep by means of testing halving dilutions for parallelism to the standard curve.…”

“…Cross-reactivity for the estrone conjugate assay is estrone-3-glucuronide 100%; estrone-3-sulfate 66.6%; estrone 236%; estradiol 17␤ 7.8%; estradiol-3-glucuronide 3.8%; estradiol-3-sulfate 3.3%; all other steroid metabolites Ͻ0.01% . Cross-reactivity for the PdG assay is PdG 100%; 20␣-hydroxyprogesterone 60.7%; pregnanediol 7.3%; all other steroid metabolites Ͻ0.01% (Shideler et al, 1991). Cross-reactivity for the iPdG assay is 20␣-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 100%; PdG 164%; 20␣-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one-3-oxime 41%; 20␤-hydroxy-5␤-pregnan-3-one 10%; 5␣-pregnane-3␤, 20␤-diol 4%; progesterone 2%; androsterone 0.2%; all other steroid metabolites Ͻ0.1% (Shideler et al, 1993).…”

Aged Black-and-Gold Howler Monkey Female (Alouatta caraya): A Sign of Reproductive Senescence?

“…Samples were analyzed for E1C and PdG following established protocols [Shideler et al, 1990;Munro et al, 1991;Valeggia et al, 1999]. Hormone values were corrected by specific gravity to account for differences in hydration status [Anestis et al, 2009].…”

“…Growing evidence from captive studies and from long-term studies in the wild indicates that postmenopausal nonhuman primate females are common (Semnopithecus entellus [Borries et al, 1991;Sommer et al, 1992]; Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii [Nishida et al, 2003]; Macaca mulatta [Small, 1984]; Papio anubis [Strum and Western, 1982]; Cercocebus albigena [Waser, 1978]), but their postreproductive lifespans are short compared to those of humans [Pavelka and Fedigan, 1991;Caro et al, 1995;Hawkes et al, 1998]. To characterize sex hormone profiles, the metabolites most commonly used in primates are estradiol, estrone conjugates (E1C), progesterone and pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide (PdG), depending on the species [Shideler et al, 1990[Shideler et al, , 1993Lasley and Savage, 2007]. In several studies of nonhuman primates, urine samples were collected in order to evaluate hormonal profiles, estimation of the duration of the ovulatory cycle (DOC) and sexual behaviors, both in wild and captive status conditions (Cebus apella [Nagle and Denari, 1983;Carosi et al, 1999]; Saguinus oedipus [Ziegler et al, 1993]; Callimico goeldii [Jurke et al, 1994]; Pithecia pithecia [Savage et al, 1995]; Callicebus moloch [Valeggia et al, 1999]; Alouatta seniculus [Herrick et al, 2000]; Ateles geoffroyi [Campbell et al, 2001]; Callithrix geoffroyi [Mustoe et al, 2012]; P. troglodytes schweinfurthii [Emery-Thompson, 2005]; Pan troglodytes verus [Stumpf and Boesch, 2005]; Rhinopithecus roxellana [Yan and Jiang, 2006]; Colobus guereza [Harris and Monfort, 2006]; Gorilla beringei beringei [Habumuremyi et al, 2014]).…”