The relationship of spleen stiffness value measured by shear wave elastography with age, gender, and spleen size in healthy volunteers

Albayrak, Eda; Server, Sadık

doi:10.1007/s10396-019-00929-3

Cited by 22 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is a well-known fact that ETEC infection not only induces severe diarrhea in animals, but also impairs a variety of tissues or organs [33]. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in the human body and plays a critical role in immune system functions [34]. In this study, ETEC challenge increased the fecal score (marking of the diarrhea) and impaired the spleen tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Bombyx mori gloverin A2 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced inflammation and intestinal mucosa disruption

Lin

et al. 2019

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

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Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading bacterial causes of intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. However, the ETEC is frequently resistant to common antibiotics. In this study, we explored the role of a novel antibacterial peptide Bombyx mori gloverin A2 (BMGlvA2) in alleviating ETEC-induced inflammation and intestinal epithelium disruption in mice. Methods: An ETEC-challenged mice model was used, and the ETEC-challenged mice and non-challenged mice were treated by the BMGlvA2 at different doses. Results: ETEC challenge not only elevated the concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines such as the IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.01), but also elevated the concentrations of serum creatinine and urea (P < 0.05). However, BMGlvA2 attenuated the inflammatory responses by decreasing the serum inflammatory cytokines and improving the metabolisms in ETEC-challenged mice, and alleviated the ETEC-induced tissue damage in spleen. Moreover, BMGlvA2 treatment significantly elevated the duodenum villus height and decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum in ETEC-challenged mice (P < 0.05). Interestingly, BMGlvA2 improved the distribution and abundance of tightjunction protein ZO1 in duodenum and ileum epithelium after ETEC-challenge. Moreover, BMGlvA2 significantly downregulated the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 8 and Caspase 9) in jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05) in the TETC-challenged mice. Importantly, BMGlvA2 significantly elevated the expression levels of critical genes related to mucosal barrier functions such as the mucins (MUC1 and MUC2) and glucose transporter (GLUT2) in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested a novel function of the conventional antibacterial peptides, and the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of BMGlvA2 may allow it a potential substitute for conventionally used antibiotics or drugs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Bombyx mori gloverin A2 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced inflammation and intestinal mucosa disruption

Lin

et al. 2019

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

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“…Our study found no definite correlation between age and spleen size. There are varying ▶ [17], while Albayrak and Server observed decreased spleen size in elderly individuals [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the positive correlations between sex [13,14], body height [14,15] and weight [14], body surface area [14], and body mass index (BMI) [14,16] and an enlarged spleen have already been described by various studies. The influence of age seems to be inconsistent [13,27]. Splenomegaly may be diagnosed clinically or radiographically using ultrasound, CT imaging, or MRI [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

A comparison of spleen size measured by ultrasound in a random population sample and a matched sample of patients at a university hospital, and the determination of normal values and influencing factors

et al. 2021

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Objectives This study aimed to compare spleen sizes in a hospital and a population sample using ultrasound and define normal values and factors influencing spleen size. Methods Both samples’ spleen sizes (n = 1520) were measured using ultrasound under the same conditions. Blood counts and other laboratory parameters were determined under the same conditions in both samples. Results In the hospital sample (n = 760), the mean spleen size was 114.7 mm, and in the population sample (n = 760), it was 99.1 mm. In both, spleen size in men was significantly higher than in women (p < 0.0001) and influenced by body height, weight, and BMI (body mass index) (p < 0.0001). In the hospital sample, there was a correlation with higher values for ALT (p = 0.0160), AST (p = 0.0394), AP (p = 0.0482), and ferritin (p = 0.0008) and lower values for HDL (p = 0.0091) and thrombocytes (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, higher values for AP (p = 0.0059) and lower values for hemoglobin (p = 0.0014) and thrombocytes (p = 0.0001) were found. Stratified for sex (men, women), spleen size increased with higher values for ALT (p = 0.0116, p = 0.0113), AST (p = 0.0014, p = 0.0113), and AP (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0012), and with lower values of hemoglobin (p = 0.0057, p = 0.0016), thrombocytes (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0003), and albumin (p = 0.0029, p = 0.0432). In women, there was a discordant correlation with red blood cells (p = 0.0005) and a concordant correlation with GGT (p = 0.0241), and in men discordant correlations with cholesterol (p = 0.0010) and HDL (p = 0.0404). Conclusions The already proven impact of anthropometric data on spleen size was confirmed. The role of laboratory values should be further analyzed.

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“…SS was measured by two‐dimensional shear wave elastography (SWE) using the Aplio 500 US machine (Canon Medical System, Otawara, Japan) with a 1 to 7 MHz broadband curved array transducer by experienced abdominal radiologists. SS measurements were acquired in the supine position with the left arm in maximum abduction and through a left intercostal space 11 . A rectangular box‐shaped area was placed at the middle portion of the spleen for scanning, and SS was calculated by placing a round region of interest (ROI) into the rectangular box ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SS measurements were acquired in the supine position with the left arm in maximum abduction and through a left intercostal space. 11 A rectangular box-shaped area was placed at the middle portion of the spleen for scanning, and SS was calculated by placing a round region of interest (ROI) into the rectangular box ( Figure 1). Thick and obvious vessels were not included in ROI.…”

Section: Measurement Of Spleen Stiffness and Diametermentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical significance of spleen stiffness in patients with acute decompensated heart failure

et al. 2020

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Aims Congestive splenomegaly is a classic sign of organ congestion in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Shear wave elastography (SWE) allows the measurement of spleen stiffness (SS). We hypothesized that SS could quantify the severity of splenic congestion and predict adverse events in ADHF. Methods and Results This study included two cohorts: a haemodynamic cohort (62 HF patients) and an outcome cohort (115 ADHF patients). SS was measured by two‐dimensional SWE on the same day of right heart catheterization in the haemodynamic cohort. Right atrial pressure (RAP) independently correlated with SS (β = 0.32, P = 0.002). SS was measured in the outcome cohort before discharge. The 115 patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the tertile value of SS. The third tertile SS group had a higher prevalence of severe tricuspid regurgitation, higher N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT pro‐BNP), and larger right ventricular diastolic diameter, than had the first tertile group and the second tertile group. During a median follow‐up period of 105 (77–135) days, adverse events occurred in 25 patients (one death and 24 rehospitalizations for HF). The third tertile SS group had a significantly higher rate of adverse events (P < 0.001). A higher SS was independently associated with adverse events after adjusting for conventional validated risk score, liver function test, liver stiffness, and estimated RAP. Conclusions The degree of SS at discharge can be used as a marker of residual splenic congestion, which is predictive of adverse events in patients with ADHF.

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The relationship of spleen stiffness value measured by shear wave elastography with age, gender, and spleen size in healthy volunteers

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Bombyx mori gloverin A2 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced inflammation and intestinal mucosa disruption

Bombyx mori gloverin A2 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced inflammation and intestinal mucosa disruption

A comparison of spleen size measured by ultrasound in a random population sample and a matched sample of patients at a university hospital, and the determination of normal values and influencing factors

Clinical significance of spleen stiffness in patients with acute decompensated heart failure

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