The Relative Contributions of Methylmercury from Food or Water to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

Phillips, Glenn R.; Buhler, Donald R.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<853:trcomf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 81 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Our results are in line with the regression equation computed by Phillips and Buhler (1978), who found the mercury accumulation rate (mg Hg g À1 day À1 ) to be y ¼ 0.084x, x being the concentration in water (mg Hg l À1 ); this leads to M ¼ 0.67T in our experiment, which fits reasonably well to the diagram in Figure 3. Rather, it is surprising that mortality ceased almost completely after day 10 (Figure 1), despite the fact that mercury apparently continued to accumulate in fish (since it was higher in survivors, Figure 3).…”

Section: Mercury Uptakesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Although adults are likely to be less sensitive than alevins (Wobeser, 1975), they may be submitted to higher levels of intoxication by eating contaminated prey species (Jernelö v and Lann, 1971;Bryan, 1976;Phillips and Buhler, 1978). Furthermore, survivors may suffer from secondary growth and reproductive disorders, and transfer considerable amounts of mercury to their progeny (McKim et al, 1976).…”

Section: Jm Blanc Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic variation of resistance to mercury poisoning in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins

Blanc

McIntyre²,

Simon³

2003

Heredity

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Newly hatched steelhead alevins were obtained from the factorial breeding of 24 male and 10 female steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Each set of offspring were in a separate cell. They were tested for resistance to intoxication by methylmercuric chloride (CH 3 HgCl) in water at a nearly constant mercury concentration of 8 mg l À1 . High mortality (81% of the tested alevins) occurred within 2 weeks. Resistance to intoxication, as measured by the time to death, as well as by the survival rate, shared high paternal and maternal variation with negligible interaction. Heritability of time to death was 0.5970.17; heritability of survival (all-ornone trait) was lower (0.2670.09). Mercury in dead alevins increased with time to death, exhibiting a large environmental variation and (comparatively) negligible genetic influence. At the end of the bioassay, the mercury content in survivors varied widely (3-21 mg g À1 wet weight). The content was greater than, but correlated with that of dead alevins from the same cells, and it showed little relation with survival rate. Thus, it seems that resistance to poisoning implies a tolerance to high levels of mercury rather than a limitation of its accumulation.

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Section: Mercury Uptakesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Jm Blanc Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation of resistance to mercury poisoning in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins

Blanc

McIntyre²,

Simon³

2003

Heredity

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“…This has been demonstrated in freshwater teleosts exposed to mercury (Phillips and Buhler, 1978), lead (Vighi, 1981), copper, and zinc (Dallinger and Kautzky, 1985), and is also applicable to cadmium. Although cadmium is widely distributed in natural waters as a result of industrial discharge and other human activities, it is mainly bound to ligands and this limits its toxicity to fish (Dallinger et al, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Effect of ambient and dietary cadmium on pavement cells, chloride cells, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gills of the freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus at normal and high calcium levels in the ambient water

1993

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The effects of cadmium on the gills of the African freshwater cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus in water with normal and relatively high calcium concentrations were studied for periods up to 35 days. The expo sure was either through the ambient water or via the diet. Changes in the ultrastructure of the gill epitheli um upon exposure to cadmium in the ambient water indicated degeneration of pavement cells and chloride cells, and acceleration in the turnover of the chloride cells. Studies of the Na7K/-ATPase activity of the gills indicated that a transient increase in the total number of chloride cells was not associated with an increase, but rather a decrease of the total ion-exchange capacity of the chloride cells. Macrophages, lymphocytes, rodlet cells and neutrophilic granulocytes infiltrated the filament epithelium. Recovery of the gills was observed after 35 days. Dietary cadmium caused similar, although delayed, effects. High water calcium concentration reduced the impact of water-borne cadmium, but had no ameliorating effect on dietary cadmium. The data indicate that the disturbance of ion regulation in fish caused by sublethal levels of dietary cadmium is the result of effects of the metals on the gills rather than on the kidney.

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“…Whereas it has generally been assumed that fishes accumulate MeHg mainly from dietary sources through very efficient assimilation of this compound (Mason 2002), it is quite possible that, because of its highly efficient absorption properties, they accumulate it from the aqueous phase also. Experimental studies on the routes of methylmercury exposure in fishes are indeed rather controversial (Honda et al 1978, Phillips & Buhler 1978, Fujiki 1980, Hall et al 1997. Kinetic modeling now offers a powerful approach for delineating the exposure of different metal species and pathways (Wang et al 1997, 1998, Wang & Fisher 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation kinetics and exposure pathways of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in a marine fish, the sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus

Wang¹,

Wong²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

142

111

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We experimentally determined the assimilation efficiency (AE) of ingested prey, the uptake-rate constant from the aqueous phase, and elimination-rate constant of both inorganic Hg (Hg [II]) and methylmercury (MeHg) in a marine predatory fish, the sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus, using radiotracer techniques. The AE of Hg(II) and MeHg ranged between 10 and 27% and between 56 and 95%, respectively, for 3 different prey (copepods, silverside, and brine shrimp). The ingestion rate of the fish did not significantly affect the AE of Hg(II). Uptake of both species of Hg proceeded in a linear pattern, and the calculated uptake-rate constant was 0.195 and 4.515 l g -1 d -1 for Hg(II) and MeHg, respectively. Most of the accumulated Hg(II) was distributed in muscle tissues, whereas the accumulated MeHg was distributed evenly between gills and muscle tissues. The calculated elimination-rate constants for MeHg were 0.0103 and 0.0129 d -1 following dietary and aqueous uptake, respectively, whereas the elimination-rate constant of Hg(II) following dietary uptake (0.0547 d -1 ) was 1.9 times higher than the elimination following aqueous uptake (0.0287 d -1 ). These experimentally determined values were incorporated into a kinetic model to predict the exposure pathways and the relative contribution of Hg(II) and MeHg to the sweetlips. At the high end of the bioconcentration factor for both species of Hg in the prey, dietary ingestion is likely to be the main channel for their accumulation in the fish. The relative contribution of Hg(II) vs MeHg to the overall Hg bioaccumulation is largely controlled by the relative concentration of MeHg dissolved in seawater. Similar to the results of numerous field studies, the kinetic model predicted a potential trophic transfer factor of < 0.6 for Hg(II) and >1 for MeHg under conditions likely to be experienced by the fish in its natural environment. KEY WORDS: Mercury · Methylmercury · Exposure · Fish · Kinetic modeling Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 261: [257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268] 2003 bioavailability of these Hg species in marine fishes are less well studied (Pentreath 1976a,b, Honda et al. 1978, Barkay et al. 1997, Rouleau et al. 1998.Most previous studies measured the concentration of different Hg species in different tissues of fishes (Leah et al. 1991, Monteiro et al. 1996, Joiris et al. 2000. The routes of Hg accumulation, including the relative importance of different Hg species (inorganic and organic) and exposure pathways (aqueous vs dietary),are not yet well understood. Whereas it has generally been assumed that fishes accumulate MeHg mainly from dietary sources through very efficient assimilation of this compound (Mason 2002), it is quite possible that, because of its highly efficient absorption properties, they accumulate it from the aqueous phase also. Experimental studies on the routes of methylmercury exposure in fishes are indeed rather controversial (Honda et...

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The Relative Contributions of Methylmercury from Food or Water to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

Cited by 81 publications

References 6 publications

Genetic variation of resistance to mercury poisoning in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins

Genetic variation of resistance to mercury poisoning in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins

Effect of ambient and dietary cadmium on pavement cells, chloride cells, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gills of the freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus at normal and high calcium levels in the ambient water

Bioaccumulation kinetics and exposure pathways of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in a marine fish, the sweetlips Plectorhinchus gibbosus

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