Surfaces
with surface-bound ligand molecules generally attract
each other when immersed in poor solvents but repel each other in
good solvents. While this common wisdom holds, for example, for oleylamine-ligated
ultrathin nanowires in the poor solvent ethanol, the same nanowires
were recently observed experimentally to bundle even when immersed
in the good solvent n-hexane. To elucidate the respective
binding mechanisms, we simulate both systems using molecular dynamics.
In the case of ethanol, the solvent is completely depleted at the
interface between two ligand shells so that their binding occurs,
as expected, via direct interactions between ligands. In the case
of n-hexane, ligands attached to different nanowires
do not touch. The binding occurs because solvent molecules penetrating
the shells preferentially orient their backbone normal to the wire,
whereby they lose entropy. This entropy does not have to be summoned
a second time when the molecules penetrate another nanowire. For the
mechanism to be effective, the ligand density appears to best be intermediate,
that is, small enough to allow solvent molecules to penetrate, but
not so small that ligands do not possess a clear preferred orientation
at the interface to the solvent. At the same time, solvent molecules
may be neither too large nor too small for similar reasons. Experiments
complementing the simulations confirm the predicted trends.