The repeated bout effect of traditional resistance exercises on running performance across 3 bouts

Abstract

This study investigated the repeated bout effect of 3 typical lower body resistance-training sessions on maximal and submaximal effort running performance. Twelve resistance-untrained men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 1.81 ± 0.10 m; body mass, 79.3 ± 10.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 48.2 ± 6.5 mL·kg·min; 6-repetition maximum squat, 71.7 ± 12.2 kg) undertook 3 bouts of resistance-training sessions at 6-repetitions maximum. Countermovement jump (CMJ), lower-body range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, and creatine kinase (CK) were examined prior to and immediately, 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) after each resistance-training bout. Submaximal (i.e., below anaerobic threshold (AT)) and maximal (i.e., above AT) running performances were also conducted at T24 and T48. Most indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., CMJ, ROM, and muscle soreness) and submaximal running performance were significantly improved (P < 0.05; 1.9%) following the third resistance-training bout compared with the second bout. Whilst maximal running performance was also improved following the third bout (P < 0.05; 9.8%) compared with other bouts, the measures were still reduced by 12%-20% versus baseline. However, the increase in CK was attenuated following the second bout (P < 0.05) with no further protection following the third bout (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the initial bout induced the greatest change in CK; however, at least 2 bouts were required to produce protective effects on other indirect muscle damage markers and submaximal running performance measures. This suggests that submaximal running sessions should be avoided for at least 48 h after resistance training until the third bout, although a greater recovery period may be required for maximal running sessions.

Resistance Training Acutely Impairs Agility and Spike-Specific Performance Measures in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players Returning from the Off-Season

“…Furthermore, the current findings differ to those by previous studies, with impaired jumping capabilities during periods of EIMD as a result of lower body RT for 48 h post-exercise [21,32]. The discrepancy in findings between the current study, and those by others [21,32] may be due to distinct familiarity of jumping task constraints, or differences on methods of evaluation. For example, studies that have reported compromise in jump height for several days following an RT bout were moderately-trained runners [21,32], with no RT backgrounds.…”

“…These findings were unexpected, given that symptoms of DOMS have been shown to impair muscular contractility [30,31]. Furthermore, the current findings differ to those by previous studies, with impaired jumping capabilities during periods of EIMD as a result of lower body RT for 48 h post-exercise [21,32]. The discrepancy in findings between the current study, and those by others [21,32] may be due to distinct familiarity of jumping task constraints, or differences on methods of evaluation.…”

“…The DOMS for each muscle group was assessed with the following technique: DOMSQuad-isometric contraction of the right quadricep muscles with the knee in an extended position; DOMSGts-isometrically contracting the gluteal muscles in a standing position; DOMSTri-performance of one push-up; DOMSAbs-performance of one sit-up; and DOMSSqt-overall lower body soreness during one bodyweight squat. The level of DOMS was assessed using a visual analogue scale from 1-10, with 1 defined as "no soreness" and 10 as "very, very sore" [15,21]. The lower body range of movement was assessed using a standard sit-and-reach (SR) test [24].…”

“…The participants commenced with a progressive warm-up by jogging at a self-selected pace for 2-3 min, followed by dynamic stretches of the upper and lower extremities (i.e., leg and arm swings, body weight squats, and alternating lunges). After the warm-up, the 1RM tests were conducted in the following order: power cleans, deadlifts, seated dumbbell shoulder press, and back squats, as in previously-described methods [21]. Specifically, the participants undertook warm-up sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise at approximately 50-60% of their previously recorded 1RM, followed by 2-3 repetitions at 75-80% of 1RM.…”

“…These findings suggest that determinants of volleyball performance measures may be unaffected during periods of EIMD in elite, male volleyball players. However, the training protocol was incorporated once athletes resumed training during the pre-season, suggesting that athletes may have already been conditioned for high levels of EIMD, based on the repeated bout effect [21]. Examining the initial bout of RT returning from the off-season may induce greater levels of EIMD, thereby increasing the possibility of impairing physical measures pertinent for volleyball.…”