The resilience of social norms of cooperation under resource scarcity and inequality — An agent-based model on sharing water over two harvesting seasons

Nhim, Tum; Richter, Andries; Zhu, Xueqin

doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2018.06.001

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Resource scarcity and the perception of scarcity, on the other hand, have been shown to reduce cooperation, increase ingroup preference and outgroup ostracization (Herzenstein and Posavac, 2019). Recent findings suggest that cooperative social norms which have arisen in times of plenty may dissolve when financial resources are scarce, and competition for those resources fierce (Nhim et al, 2019). However, not all types of scarcity have the same impact on cooperation.…”

Section: Scarcity Impacts Pro-environmental Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Scarcity on Pro-environmental Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sachdeva

Zhao

2021

Front. Sustain. Cities

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As the world contends with the far-ranging impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing environmental crises have, to some extent, been neglected during the pandemic. One reason behind this shift in priorities is the scarcity mindset triggered by the pandemic. Scarcity is the feeling of having less than what is necessary, and it causes people to prioritize immediate short-term needs over long-term ones. Scarcity experienced in the pandemic can reduce the willingness to engage in pro-environmental behavior, leading to environmental degradation that increases the chance of future pandemics. To protect pro-environmental behavior, we argue that it should not be viewed as value-laden and effortful, but rather reconceptualized as actions that address a multitude of human needs including pragmatic actions that conserve resources especially during scarcity. To bolster environmental protection, systematic changes are needed to make pro-environmental behavior better integrated into people's lives, communities, and cities, such that it is more accessible, less costly, and more resilient to future disturbances.

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Section: Scarcity Impacts Pro-environmental Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Scarcity on Pro-environmental Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sachdeva

Zhao

2021

Front. Sustain. Cities

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“…From this, we infer that adopting overlapped groups rather than divided groups is more effective in promoting cooperation among farmers and dispersion of the irrigation start dates. In a study of evolutionary games related to farm water intake, Nhim et al [ 40 ] proposed a way whereby cooperators “punish” defectors to promote cooperation. Nakamaru and Yokoyama [ 41 ] showed that the rule that a candidate is excluded from membership if group members regard the candidate’s reputation as bad (i.e., ostracism) sustains cooperation in the public goods game.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A social system to disperse the irrigation start date based on the spatial public goods game

Nakagawa

Yokozawa

2023

PLoS ONE

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In paddy rice cultivation, the amount of water used during the beginning of the irrigation season is the highest. However, there is a possibility of a water shortage at this season as climate change decreases snowfall. In this study, we propose new schemes based on the public goods game to reduce peak water volume during this season by dispersing the irrigation start dates. In our agent-based model, agents determine the irrigation start date based on the evolutionary game theory. This model considers the economic variables of individual farmers (e.g., gross cultivation profit and cultivation cost), the cost and subsidy for cooperation for the dispersion of the irrigation start dates, and the information-sharing network between farmers. Individual farmers update the cooperation/defection strategy at each time step based on their payoffs. Using this agent-based model simulation, we investigate a scheme that maximizes the dispersion of irrigation start dates among multiple scheme candidates. The results of the simulation show that, under the schemes in which one farmer belongs to a group and the groups do not overlap, the number of cooperating farmers did not increase, and the dispersion of irrigation start dates barely increased. By adopting a scheme in which one farmer belongs to multiple groups and the groups overlap, the number of cooperating farmers increased, while the dispersion of irrigation start dates maximized. Furthermore, the proposed schemes require the government to obtain information about the number of cooperators in each group to determine the subsidy amount. Therefore, we also proposed the method which allows estimating the number of cooperators in each group through the dispersion of irrigation start dates. This significantly reduces the cost of running the schemes and provides subsidization and policy evaluations unaffected by false declarations of farmers.

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“…ABMs have the potential to significantly improve the design of stringent regulations and incentives for water resources management [21]. Nhim et al [22] concluded that ABM models are a powerful tool for studying how socioeconomic and environmental changes affect the human use of water resources. Pouladi et al [23] reported that farmers' performance and willingness to engage in LU restoration could be simulated by integrating ABM into the socio-hydrological framework.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault Tree Analysis of Trade-Offs between Environmental Flows and Agricultural Water Productivity in the Lake Urmia Sub-Basin Using Agent-Based Modeling

Emami,

Dehghanisanij

2024

Water

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The recent problems of Lake Urmia (LU) are caused by extensive and complex socio-ecological factors that require a comprehensive approach to consider the relationships between users and identify failure factors at the basin level. For this purpose, an agent-based simulation model of farmers’ social interactions and economic interests (ABM) with various support scenarios and random supervision and training by the government agent is developed to evaluate its impact on independent farmers’ decision-making in the form of a complex adaptive system. Finally, a fault tree analysis (FTA) is created in the Cara-FaultTree 4.1. software to identify scenarios that lead to the non-development technology in irrigation management (non-DTIM) in the LU sub-basin. The assessment of the impact of government supervision and training revealed that the main causes of non-DTIM in the LU basin are a lack of demands from farmers and low awareness among residents of the basin, with failure probabilities of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. Ultimately, the failure probability of the main event (non-DTIM) was 0.50. The paths of proper training and farmers’ requirements for sustainable agricultural water supply should become more stringent. The results confirm that appropriate measures to strengthen government supervision and training, as well as raise farmers’ awareness of the importance of long-term sustainability of water resources, can lead to greater resilience in the DTIM.

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The resilience of social norms of cooperation under resource scarcity and inequality — An agent-based model on sharing water over two harvesting seasons

Cited by 20 publications

References 46 publications

The Impact of Scarcity on Pro-environmental Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Impact of Scarcity on Pro-environmental Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic

A social system to disperse the irrigation start date based on the spatial public goods game

Fault Tree Analysis of Trade-Offs between Environmental Flows and Agricultural Water Productivity in the Lake Urmia Sub-Basin Using Agent-Based Modeling

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