The response to re-emergence of yellow fever in Nigeria, 2017

Nwachukwu, William; Yusuff, Hakeem Abiola; Nwangwu, Udoka; Okon, Asuquo E.; Ogunniyi, Abiodun; Imuetinyan-Clement, J.; Besong, Mathias; Ayo-Ajayi, Patience; Nikau, Jamilu; Baba, Ai; Dogunro, Festus; Akintunde, Babatunde; Oguntoye, Michael; Kamaldeen, Khadeejah; Fakayode, Oluwatosin; Oyebanji, Oyeronke; Emelife, Obi; Oteri, Joseph; Aruna, Olusola; Ilori, Elsie; Ojo, Olubunmi; Mba, Nwando; Nguku, Patrick; Ihekweazu, Chikwe

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.034

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, there was an overall reduction of 15.9% coverage rate during the pandemic. This reduction may put the state at the risk of yellow fever outbreak bearing in mind its proximity to Kwara state where an outbreak was reported in 2017 [25]. For this reason, a strong epidemiologic watch is duly recommended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: Trend analysis of immunization data in the pre-and post-index case period; 2019 – 2020

Babatunde

Olatunji

Omotajo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background The response to COVID-19 pandemic has posed new obstacles to the fragile health system, most especially in the area of vaccination across much of Africa. As the response to the pandemic intensifies through the application of non-pharmacologic interventions as well as enforcement of the lockdowns across African cities, there is a significant risk that more children will miss out on life-saving vaccines that can prevent childhood killer diseases. This study was therefore conducted to look at the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria. Method: We conducted a descriptive secondary analysis of immunization data between July 2019 and August 2020. These data were retrieved from the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of Oyo State Primary Health Care Board. The data were extracted from the original paper format and entered into Excel sheets. Line graphs were plotted to compare the trends of the coverage rates before and after the index case of COVID-19 pandemic. Results The average coverage rates for BCG before and after index case was 85.8% and 82.1% respectively, while it was 63.5% and 60.0% for HBV0. For the co-administered vaccines at 14 weeks, Penta 3, OPV 3, PCV 3 and IPV coverage rates dropped from 76.1%, 75.4%, 75.1% and 73.5–72.0%, 71.4%, 72.0% and 71.9% respectively. The average coverage rates for yellow fever and measles dropped sharply from 77.0% and 74.5–64.6% and 58.6% respectively. The average drop-out rates for the pre-and post-index case periods were 5.0% and 4.7% respectively. For the planned fixed and outreach sessions, none of the monthly sessions met the target of 100.0% in the post-index case period. Conclusion Decreased vaccination coverage for vaccine-preventable diseases could cause parallel outbreaks with COVID-19 and further exacerbate the strain on health systems attempting to end the acute phase of this pandemic. Therefore, as the dramatic second wave unfolds, the Government of Nigeria must take deliberate steps to strike a balance between a fresh lockdown and the imperative of uninterrupted social service. In this wise, it must remain committed to a timely vaccination programme

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: Trend analysis of immunization data in the pre-and post-index case period; 2019 – 2020

Babatunde

Olatunji

Omotajo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…re-assortment mechanisms, repeated bottlenecks may result in the stepwise accumulation of deleterious mutations in a ratchet-like manner. Each of these mutations has a low probability of direct reversion unless the population size remains above ~10 4 (the reciprocal of the mutation frequency for a given nucleotide). Muller's ratchet has been demonstrated to occur experimentally with several arboviruses 19,20 , which underscores the risk they face if they are subjected to repeated bottlenecks during their transmission cycle (requiring replication and spread in divergent hosts) 21 .…”

Section: Box 1 | Arbovirus Transmission Cycles and Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, four arboviruses with non-human primate enzootic hosts have initiated human-amplified transmission cycles that last from months to centuries, which increases their ability to infect humans and to cause human disease. These include dengue virus (DENV), which infects nearly 400 million humans annually throughout many tropical and subtropical regions and causes disease in nearly 100 million individuals, thus making DENV the most important arbovirus 2 ; and yellow fever virus (YFV), which despite the availability of an effective vaccine for nearly a century still infects tens of thousands of humans annually, with recent epidemics in Brazil 3 , Nigeria 4 and Angola 5 . In addition, the past 15 years have brought unexpected outbreaks caused by two other human-amplified arboviruses, namely chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Population bottlenecks and founder effects: implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence

et al. 2021

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Transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) involves infection and replication in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Nearly all arboviruses are RNA viruses with high mutation frequencies, which leaves them vulnerable to genetic drift and fitness losses owing to population bottlenecks during vector infection, dissemination from the midgut to the salivary glands and transmission to the vertebrate host. However, despite these bottlenecks, they seem to avoid fitness declines that can result from Muller's ratchet. In addition, founder effects that occur during the geographic introductions of human-amplified arboviruses, including chikungunya virus and Zika virus, can affect epidemic and endemic circulation, as well as virulence. In this Review, we discuss the role of genetic drift following population bottlenecks and founder effects in arboviral evolution and spread, and the emergence of human disease.

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“…In Nigeria, infectious diseases constitute significant disease burden in the country. Prior to the onset of the global pandemic of SARS-COV2 infection, national reports and statistics regarding specific infectious diseases in Nigeria were already alarming, and while plans were being made to mitigate these, the results have been at best moderately effective (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglect of common infectious disease outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic: an impending crisis in Nigeria?

Soyemi¹

2021

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Infectious diseases are major challenges of healthcare system in Nigeria. The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID19) pandemic has disrupted many systems including healthcare at all levels by creating disparities in the treatment, prevention, resource allocation and control of diseases in Nigeria. Premised on the foundation of circulating news and fact-checking platforms, this paper provides empirical evidence on varying perceptions on COVID-19 pandemic and apparent neglect of other infectious diseases while giving a critical analysis andcomparison between them. Keywords: COVID-19; infectious diseases; neglect; Nigeria French title: Négliger les flambées de maladies infectieuses courantes pendantla pandémie COVID-19: une crise imminente au Nigeria? Les maladies infectieuses sont des défis majeurs du système de santé au Nigeria. La pandémie de coronavirus19 (COVID-19) a perturbé de nombreux systèmes, y compris les soins de santé à tous les niveaux, en créant des disparités dans le traitement, la prévention, l'allocation des ressources et le contrôle des maladies au Nigéria. Fondé sur la diffusion d'informations et de plates-formes de vérification des faits, cet article fournit des preuves empiriques sur les différentes perceptions de la pandémie de COVID-19 et la négligence apparente d'autres maladies infectieuses tout en fournissant une analyse critique et une comparaison entre elles. Mots clés: COVID-19; maladies infectieuses; négligence; Nigeria

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The response to re-emergence of yellow fever in Nigeria, 2017

Cited by 28 publications

References 7 publications

Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: Trend analysis of immunization data in the pre-and post-index case period; 2019 – 2020

Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: Trend analysis of immunization data in the pre-and post-index case period; 2019 – 2020

Population bottlenecks and founder effects: implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence

Neglect of common infectious disease outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic: an impending crisis in Nigeria?

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