The results of a survey on structural out-of-plumbs

Beaulieu, Denis; Adams, Peter F.

doi:10.1139/l78-052

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Measurements of out-of-plumb of multistory building frame column deviation in the set of N tilts. A similar result, but based on studies involving only the core braced skeletons was obtained in the work (Beaulieu and Adams 1978). In the case of normal distribution φ with parameters φ = 0 and , the φ t = 1/300 tilt tolerance corresponds to defectiveness w = 5%, and tolerance φ t = 1/500 -to defectiveness w = 25% (see Figure 9).…”

Section: Statistical Analysis and Modelling Of The Initial Tiltssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…In the analyzed sample from a population of multistory skeletons (Machowski 2002) was a representation of three basic types of vertical bracing systems (frame, truss and core) and three height classes (low, medium-high and high buildings:), as well as buildings of a large slenderness ratio, elongated horizontical projection and asymmetric horizontal projection. Part of analyzed results of measurements for columns in core-braced frames was taken from publication (Beaulieu and Adams 1978). Initial columns tilts of multi-storey skeletons were also studied by the authors of publication (Lindner and Gietzlet 1984).…”

Section: Statistical Analysis and Modelling Of The Initial Tiltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistically-Based Tolerances of Steel Frame Columns Out-Of-Plumbs

Machowski

Żwirek

2013

Advances in Structural Engineering

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Statistically based mathematical model of post-erectional columns out-of-plumb was taken as the basis for the formulation of rational criteria for control of skeletons of steel halls. The results of statistical analysis of a set of post-erectional measurements of out-of-plumb columns of 33 halls steel skeletons – with different: geometry, structure and destination were used. Current and selected previous recommendations by standards of out-of-plumb tolerance of columns halls were subjected to critical analysis. The results obtained were compared with the results of the earlier analysis of the standard recommendations of the steel columns of multistory building frames.

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Section: Statistical Analysis and Modelling Of The Initial Tiltssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Statistical Analysis and Modelling Of The Initial Tiltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistically-Based Tolerances of Steel Frame Columns Out-Of-Plumbs

Machowski

Żwirek

2013

Advances in Structural Engineering

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“…To characterize frame imperfection uncertainties adequately it is thus necessary to refer to the measurements conducted on carbon steel frames, as discussed in [9], which are also considerably limited. Based on the measurements of initial frame imperfections on general steel structures found in [134,135], a normal out-of-plumb angle distribution with a zero mean and a standard deviation of 1/610 was proposed. It is believed that the distributions provided for frame imperfection amplitudes in cold-formed carbon steel represent an upper bound for stainless steel frames, since workshops for stainless steel structures are generally more specialized and therefore final structures will typically present imperfections with lower amplitude and level of uncertainty.…”

Section: Frame Imperfectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical analysis of the material, geometrical and imperfection characteristics of structural stainless steels and members

Arrayago

Rasmussen

Real

2020

Journal of Constructional Steel Research

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Current structural codes for steel structures such as AISC 360-10, AS 4100 and Eurocode 3 are based on the traditional member-based two-step design approach. However, the most recent versions of these Standards already incorporate preliminary versions of direct or one-step system-based design alternatives, which represent a change in the paradigm of structural design. These new direct systembased methods are based on the design-by-analysis concept and allow evaluating the strength of structures directly from numerical simulations. Nevertheless, it is necessary to build a rigorous structural reliability framework to investigate acceptable target reliability indices for structural systems and to provide adequate system safety factors, since these codes do not provide safety factors or reliability requirements for structural systems for design-by-analysis approaches. While this framework has been developed based on advanced Finite Element analysis for hot-rolled and cold-formed carbon steel structures in recent years in the form of the Direct Design Method (DDM), the framework does not exist for stainless steel structures. This paper presents the first step towards developing a systembased reliability framework for stainless steel structures by statistically characterizing the main random parameters affecting the strength of stainless steel structures through a comprehensive database collected from the literature. Based on the collected data, appropriate probabilistic models are proposed for geometric properties, material properties, imperfections and residual stresses of different stainless steel alloys and cross-section or product types. While primarily aimed at providing statistical data for system-based reliability analyses, the data is equally applicable to member-based reliability analyses as described in existing codes.

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“…However, the maximum and minimum θ 1 values set by NBR 6118 are similar to the European codes. It is very difficult to set proper limits for θ 1 because the outof-plumb measurements are statistical independent variables and the standard deviations obtained in many studies are specific to the buildings measured (Beaulieu et al, 1976;Adams, 1978;Beaulieu et al, 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clarifying the theoretical basis of the global geometric imperfection analysis (out-of-plumb columns)

2021

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The concrete structures present several geometric deviations, some of them considered indirectly in the safety factors of the design. However, the imperfections of the element axes, especially columns, should be explicitly considered in the structural analysis because they have great influence over the building stability. The NBR 6118:2014, Brazilian standard code for the design of concrete structures, defines a global geometric inclination to the columns, also called "out-of-plumb columns", that causes additional forces not presented in the "perfect" structure, which must be considered as a permanent action. The code also sets the design equations, as well as the load combination criteria. Although the expressions for the out-of-plumb angle calculation are used in the designs, they are not well understood by the technical community or even really explained in Brazilian publications. This paper discusses the theoretical basis that supports such expressions and compares what is presented in NBR 6118:2014 to other international codes. Structural analysis results are discussed, considering buildings with different heights and loadings, to evaluate how the global out-of-plumb effect seems to be relevant. The main objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the concrete building design principles and, specifically, fill a gap in national technical literature about this global imperfection.

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The results of a survey on structural out-of-plumbs

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Statistically-Based Tolerances of Steel Frame Columns Out-Of-Plumbs

Statistically-Based Tolerances of Steel Frame Columns Out-Of-Plumbs

Statistical analysis of the material, geometrical and imperfection characteristics of structural stainless steels and members

Clarifying the theoretical basis of the global geometric imperfection analysis (out-of-plumb columns)

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