The Retention of Essential Amino Acids by the Growing Chick ,  ,

Wa, Price; Mw, Taylor; Wc, Russell

doi:10.1093/jn/51.3.413

Cited by 35 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In some studies (Price et al 1953;Williams et al 1954;Pellett & Kaba 1972), total amino acid composition was not affected by changes in dietary amino acid composition or malnutrition. In contrast, Bunce and King (1969) found that in rats given diets with less than 6% protein there was a reduced deposition of carcass nitrogen and a marked change in carcass amino acid composition with increases in valine, methionine, glycine and alanine accompanied by decreases in histidine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine, proline and cysteine concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dietary deficiencies of single amino acids: Whole-body amino acid composition of adult rats

Wei

Fuller²

2006

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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To ascertain whether chronic amino acid deficiency alters the amino acid composition of the body, 44 adult female rats were randomly allocated to one of 11 treatments which included one control group, ingesting an adequate diet with balanced protein, and ten deficient groups in which one group received protein-deficient diets and the other groups consumed diets each deficient in a single essential amino acid. The degree of deficiency was adjusted to achieve a gradual decline in body weight to 85% of the initial weight and was then adjusted so that this weight was maintained until the end of the experiment at 93 days, when the rats were killed. Deficient rats had lower absolute weights of liver, gastrointestinal tract and muscle than animals given the adequate diet but greater relative weights (% of body weight) of heart and kidneys. There were no significant differences amongst groups in percentages of lipid, nitrogen, protein plus lipid or dry matter. Chronic marginal amino acid deficiencies did not selectively alter amino acid composition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dietary deficiencies of single amino acids: Whole-body amino acid composition of adult rats

Wei

Fuller²

2006

Archives of Animal Nutrition

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“…Early attempts to define an ideal protein were based on the EAA composition of eggs and casein, but were largely unsuccessful because of the excess of many EAA. In 1960, Scott’s group simulated the profile of EAA in the chick carcass [29] to design a revised pattern of dietary EAA in an ideal protein for improving growth performance of chicks [30]. An improvement in the ideal protein was indeed achieved using this approach, but remained unsatisfactory due to the lack of NEAA in the diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An improvement in the ideal protein was indeed achieved using this approach, but remained unsatisfactory due to the lack of NEAA in the diet. However, data on the composition of all EAA or NEAA in chicks were not available [29]. Subsequently, a mixture of several AA (cystine, glycine, proline and glutamate), which are synthesized from pre-existing AA (including EAA) by birds and had previously been thought to be NEAA in chicken nutrition, was used in dietary formulations to yield better results on growth performance [31,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

2014

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

276

209

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Amino acids are building blocks for proteins in all animals. Based on growth or nitrogen balance, amino acids were traditionally classified as nutritionally essential or nonessential for mammals, birds and fish. It was assumed that all the “nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAA)” were synthesized sufficiently in the body to meet the needs for maximal growth and optimal health. However, careful analysis of the scientific literature reveals that over the past century there has not been compelling experimental evidence to support this assumption. NEAA (e.g., glutamine, glutamate, proline, glycine and arginine) play important roles in regulating gene expression, cell signaling, antioxidative responses, fertility, neurotransmission, and immunity. Additionally, glutamate, glutamine and aspartate are major metabolic fuels for the small intestine to maintain its digestive function and to protect the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. Thus, diets for animals must contain all NEAA to optimize their survival, growth, development, reproduction, and health. Furthermore, NEAA should be taken into consideration in revising the “ideal protein” concept that is currently used to formulate swine and poultry diets. Adequate provision of all amino acids (including NEAA) in diets enhances the efficiency of animal production. In this regard, amino acids should not be classified as nutritionally essential or nonessential in animal or human nutrition. The new Texas A&M University’s optimal ratios of dietary amino acids for swine and chickens are expected to beneficially reduce dietary protein content and improve the efficiency of their nutrient utilization, growth, and production performance.

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“…Carpenter (1960) and Rao et al (1963) estimated lysine availability by chemical methods while Stott and Smith (1966) used Tetrahymena pyriformis W. for measuring availability of lysine, methionine, arginine and histidine. Price et al (1953) employed chick carcass analysis to evaluate dietary amino acids and proteins. De Muelenaere et al (1967) estimated lysine availability of cereal products by fecal and growth analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Availability of Amino Acids From Palm Kernel, Soybean, Cottonseed and Rapeseed Meal for the Growing Chick

1976

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Amino acid composition was determined for palm kernel meal (PKM), soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and rapeseed meal (RSM). These protein sources were fed to broiler chicks to determine the availability of amino acids.The concentrations of amino acids were closely related to protein content with a few exceptions (e.g. arginine was high in PKM and glutamic acid was high in CSM). Amino acid availability varied among protein sources. Average amino acid availability (16 amino acids) was 84.5, 97.3, 92.5 and 91.9% from PKM, SBM, CSM and RSM respectively. Significant differences in availability of each individual amino acid were observed among feedstuffs tested. Also, considerable variation was observed for availability among amino acids within feedstuffs. Glycine and arginine were low in PKM whereas lysine was lowest in CSM and methionine was lowest in RSM. SBM showed high amino acid availability for all amino acids tested.

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The Retention of Essential Amino Acids by the Growing Chick , ,

Cited by 35 publications

References 4 publications

Dietary deficiencies of single amino acids: Whole-body amino acid composition of adult rats

Dietary deficiencies of single amino acids: Whole-body amino acid composition of adult rats

Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition

The Availability of Amino Acids From Palm Kernel, Soybean, Cottonseed and Rapeseed Meal for the Growing Chick

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