The retinotopic organization of area 17 (striate cortex) in the cat

Tusa, Ronald J.; Palmer, Larry A.; Rosenquist, Alan C.

doi:10.1002/cne.901770204

Cited by 724 publications

(464 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In cats, this produces total loss of a sector of visual field that is 40-50 deg wide along the horizontal meridian (HM). In cortical terms this corresponds to an elongated strip only 1-2 mm wide (Tusa, Palmer & Rosenquist, 1978;Lowel and Singer, 1987), well within the limits of the reorganization observed by previous studies of visual cortex. With this method the location of the affected cortex is highly reproducible among different cases.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

Responsiveness of cat area 17 after monocular inactivation: limitation of topographic plasticity in adult cortex.

Rosa

Schmid

Calford

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Recordings were made from neurones in the splenial sulcus of normal adult cats and adult cats which had one eye inactivated by enucleation or photocoagulation of the optic disc. Two visually responsive regions were observed, corresponding to the peripheral representation of visual area 1 (V1) and the splenial visual area. In normal animals, responses to the ipsilateral eye in Vl were restricted to the medial half of the splenial sulcus, up to 45-50 deg eccentricity. Thus, by inactivating the eye contralateral to the experimental hemisphere, we created a region in VI, 1-2 mm wide, that lacked normal inputs. 2. In contrast to results from previous experiments where lesions were placed in the central retina, neurones in the deprived peripheral representation remained unresponsive to light stimuli for up to 12 h after deactivation of the contralateral eye. 3. In animals that were allowed to recover from the monocular deactivation for periods of 2 days to 16 months, there was rearrangement of the retinotopic maps. Receptive fields in regions of cortex that normally represented the monocular crescent were displaced to the temporal border of the binocular field of vision. However, most neurones in the deprived peripheral representation remained unresponsive to visual stimuli even more than 1 year after treatment. This is also in marked contrast with the extensive reorganization that is observed in the central representation of Vi after restricted retinal lesions. Analysis of the cortical magnification factor demonstrates that the change in visual topography is local, and does not involve an overall centro-peripheral shift of the retinotopic map. 4. Among the neurones that did show displaced receptive fields, the response properties were clearly abnormal. They showed a notable lack of spontaneous activity, low firing rates and rapid habituation to repeated stimulation. 5. The low potential for reorganization of the monocular sector of Vl demonstrates that the capacity for plasticity of mature sensory representations varies with location in cortex. Even relatively small pieces of cortex, such as the monocular crescent representations, may not reorganize completely if certain conditions are not met. These results suggest the existence of natural boundaries that may limit the process of reorganization of sensory representations.The topographical maps that exist in adult sensory cortex have a considerable plastic capacity. This was first observed in the somatosensory cortex, where immediate and chronic changes of receptive field size and location were described following amputation (e

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supporting

confidence: 88%

Responsiveness of cat area 17 after monocular inactivation: limitation of topographic plasticity in adult cortex.

Rosa

Schmid

Calford

1995

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Species and references are as follows: mouse, Mus sp. (Dräger, 1975;Prusky et al, 2000;Schuett et al, 2002); hooded rat, Rattus norvegicus (Espinoza and Thomas, 1983;Girman et al, 1999;Keller et al, 2000); mink, Mustela vision (Dustone et al, 1978;McConnell and LeVay, 1986;LeVay et al, 1987); tree shrew, Tupaia glis (Kaas et al, 1972;Petry et al, 1984;Bosking et al, 1997); squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis (Hall et al, 1971;Jacobs et al, 1982); ferret, Mustela furo (Law et al, 1988;Rao et al, 1997), cat, Felis domesticus (Hubel and Wiesel, 1963;Blake et al, 1974;LeVay and Gilbert, 1976;Tusa et al, 1978), marmoset, Callithrix jacchus (Fritsches and Rosa, 1996;Liu and Pettigrew, 2003); owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus (Allman and Kaas, 1971;Jacobs, 1977;Sereno et al, 1995); macaque monkey, Macaca mulatta (Hubel et al, 1978;Tootell et al, 1982;Sereno et al, 1995 the location of the cell within the orientation map. Although spike output of all cells was highly tuned, cells in smoothly varying regions (iso-orientation domains) received highly orientation-tuned input, but cells near singularities (pinwheel centers) received broadly tuned input.…”

Section: Functional Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orientation Selectivity without Orientation Maps in Visual Cortex of a Highly Visual Mammal

Hooser¹,

Heimel²,

Chung³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

168

149

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In mammalian neocortex, the orderly arrangement of columns of neurons is thought to be a fundamental organizing principle. In primary visual cortex (V1), neurons respond preferentially to bars of a particular orientation, and, in many mammals, these orientationselective cells are arranged in a semiregular, smoothly varying map across the cortical surface. Curiously, orientation maps have not been found in rodents or lagomorphs. To explore whether this lack of organization in previously studied rodents could be attributable to low visual acuity, poorly differentiated visual brain areas, or small absolute V1 size, we examined V1 organization of a larger, highly visual rodent, the gray squirrel. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-cell recordings, we found no evidence of an orientation map, suggesting that formation of orientation maps depends on mechanisms not found in rodents. We did find robust orientation tuning of single cells, and this tuning was invariant to stimulus contrast. Therefore, it seems unlikely that orientation maps are important for orientation tuning or its contrast invariance in V1. In vertical electrode penetrations, we found little evidence for columnar organization of orientation-selective neurons and little evidence for local anisotropy of orientation preferences. We conclude that an orderly and columnar arrangement of functional response properties is not a universal characteristic of cortical architecture.

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“…The receptive field coordinates were digitized by placing individual hemispherical paper data sheets back onto a spherical polar coordinate system drawn onto the plastic hemisphere. The center of gaze was placed at the "North Pole" of the spherical polar coordinate system, in contrast to the "equatorial" location of the center of gaze in the scheme of Tusa et al (1978). Placing the center of gaze at the North Pole results-after the hemifield has been flattened (see below)-in a polar coordinate system (cf.…”

Section: Digitization Of Cortical Sites and Receptive Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Retinotopic Maps in Extrastriate Cortex

Sereno

McDonald²,

Allman³

1994

Cereb Cortex

192

164

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Two new techniques for analyzing retinotopic mapsarrow diagrams and visual field sign maps-are demonstrated with a large electrophysiological mapping data set from owl monkey extrastriate visual cortex. An arrow diagram (vectors indicating receptive field centers placed at cortical coordinates) provides a more compact and understandable representation of retinotopy than does a standard receptive field chart (accompanied by a penetration map) or a double contour map (e.g., isoeccentricity and isopolar angle as a function of cortical x, y-coordinates). None of these three representational techniques, however, make separate areas easily visible, especially in data sets containing numerous areas with partial, distorted representations of the visual hemrfield. Therefore, we computed visual field sign maps (non-mirror-image vs mirror-image visual field representation) from the angle between the direction of the cortical gradient in receptive field eccentricity and the cortical gradient in receptive field angle for each small region of the cortex. Visual field sign is a local measure invariant to cortical map orientation and distortion but also to choice of receptive field coordinate system. To estimate the gradients, we first interpolated the eccentricity and polar angle data onto regular grids using a distance-weighted smoothing algorithm. The visual field sign technique provides a more objective method for using retinotopy to outline multiple visual areas. In order to relate these arrow and visual field sign maps accurately to architectonic features visualized in the stained, flattened cortex, we also developed a deformable template algorithm for warping the photograph-derived penetration map using the final observed location of a set of marking lesions.

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The retinotopic organization of area 17 (striate cortex) in the cat

Cited by 724 publications

References 36 publications

Responsiveness of cat area 17 after monocular inactivation: limitation of topographic plasticity in adult cortex.

Responsiveness of cat area 17 after monocular inactivation: limitation of topographic plasticity in adult cortex.

Orientation Selectivity without Orientation Maps in Visual Cortex of a Highly Visual Mammal

Analysis of Retinotopic Maps in Extrastriate Cortex

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