“…Furthermore, in both underdeveloped and developed nations, it is crucial for human health [9]. AI, ML, Big data, blockchain, etc., have found their applications in identifying, sorting, and determining safety in food products that fasten this screening process, ultimately bene ting the food industry [10,11]. Food-borne illnesses, pathogenic genomes, and emerging dynamic data, such as literary, commercial, and market data, have seen developing machine learning applications, such as antibiotic-resistant forecasting, pathogen source tracing, and food-borne epidemic identi cation and vulnerability assessment [12].…”