The rise and fall of executive functions in high-level football players

Beavan, Adam; Spielmann, Jan; Mayer, Jan; Skorski, Sabrina; Meyer, Tim; Fransen, Job

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101677

Cited by 49 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, there is little longitudinal experimental evidence in the field of sports and health promotion to prove that physical activity is relevant to high-level executive functions such as decision-making and reasoning in children and adolescents. In contrast, the more such evidence appears in the context of techniques and tactics in high-level athletes (Taddei et al, 2012;Bjoern et al, 2018;Beavan et al, 2020). Therefore, this review only considers the three main executive functions of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercises on Executive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Liu

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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Background: Physical exercises can affect executive function both acutely and chronically, with different mechanisms for each moment. Currently, only a few reviews have elaborated on the premise that different types of exercises have different mechanisms for improving executive function. Therefore, the primary purpose of our systematic review was to analyze the effects of acute and chronic exercises on executive function in children and adolescents.Objective: We identified acute and chronic exercise studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of executive function in children and adolescents that reported overall effect, heterogeneity, and publication bias of acute and chronic exercises on executive function.Methods: We searched for RCTs of exercise interventions in children and adolescents from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), and Wanfang, from January 1 2009 to December 31 2019. We performed methodological quality evaluations on the included literature using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale (PEDro) and graded evidence with a meta-analysis using Stata 12.0 software.Results: In total, 36 RCTs were included (14 acute exercises, 22 chronic exercises); the overall results of the meta-analysis (4,577 students) indicated that acute exercises significantly improved working memory (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.89 to −0.56; p < 0.001), inhibitory control (SMD = −0.25; 95% CI −0.40 to −0.09; p = 0.002), and cognitive flexibility (SMD = −0.34; 95% CI −0.55 to −0.14; p < 0.005), whereas chronic exercises significantly improved working memory (SMD = −0.54; 95% CI −0.74 to −0.33; p < 0.001), inhibitory control (SMD = −0.30; 95% CI −0.38 to −0.22; p < 0.001), and cognitive flexibility (SMD = −0.34, 95 % CI −0.48 to −0.20, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Acute and chronic exercises can effectively improve the executive function of children and adolescents. The effects on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility are considered as small effect sizes, while the effects on working memory are considered as moderate effect size. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, the above conclusions need to be verified with more high-quality studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercises on Executive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Liu

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…Therefore, the tactical skills evaluation tool (Table 1) proved to be an appropriate assessment method within a nationwide talent development program. While a positive outcome, future research is needed to explore the correlations between the coaches' ratings to other perceptualcognitive diagnostics such as in-game performance assessments (e.g., small-sided games; Bergkamp et al, 2020), video-based decision-making skills tests with a soccer-specific response (Murr et al, 2021), or assessments of general cognitive functions (e.g., Beavan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Individual Tactical Skills (Perceptual-cognitive Domain)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nationwide Subjective and Objective Assessments of Potential Talent Predictors in Elite Youth Soccer: An Investigation of Prognostic Validity in a Prospective Study

Höner

Murr

Larkin

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Recent studies have provided empirical evidence on the prognostic relevance of objective performance diagnostics in the soccer talent identification and development process. However, little is known about the prognostic validity of coaches' subjective evaluations of performance. This study evaluated objective and subjective assessments within a nationwide talent development program and addressed motor, perceptual skill, and personality-related performance factors. Male players (N = 13,869; Mage = 12.59 ± 1.07 years) from the age groups U12 to U15 of the German soccer talent development program participated in this study. Participants completed an objective motor diagnostic (sprint, agility, dribbling, ball control, juggling) and were subjectively rated by their coaches (kicking skills, endurance, individual tactical skills, psychosocial skills). All nine predictors were assessed with sufficient psychometric properties (α ≥ 0.72; except dribbling and ball control: α ≥ 0.53). Players' success three seasons later was operationalized by achieving professional youth academy level or not (success rate, 9%). Independent-samples t-tests analyzed univariate mean group comparisons between future selected and non-selected players. Logistic regression models examined the multivariate prognostic validity of all assessments by predicting success with subjective (model 1), objective (model 2), and both groups of predictors (model 3). Confirming the univariate prognostic validity, future selected outperformed non-selected players regarding all predictors (each p < 0.001, except for agility in U15: p < 0.01). Tactical skills, kicking skills, and sprint were of highest predictive value (d ≥ 0.61 in each age group). Multivariate results provided empirical evidence for the subjective (7% ≤ Nagelkerke's R2 ≤ 11%; each p < 0.001) and objective (8% ≤ Nagelkerke's R2 ≤ 13%; each p < 0.001) assessments' prognostic validity. However, model 3 revealed the best statistical explanatory power in each age group (0.15 ≤ Nagelkerke's R2 ≤ 0.20; p < 0.001). In this combined assessment model, sprint, tactical skills, and dribbling were found to be the most predictive variables. In conclusion, this study reinforces the call for multidimensional diagnostics integrating objective and subjective assessments. Future research is needed to address the demands for longitudinal analyses of subjective ratings, the integration of biological maturation, and empirical evidence for female soccer.

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“…A pesar de las controversias, sustentadas en la falta de consenso de los resultados obtenidos en los estudios precedentes, partimos del supuesto teórico que establece la relación entre la función ejecutiva y el rendimiento deportivo (Beavan, et al, 2020;Navarrete, 2019), para comprobar, en este estudio, si el rendimiento futbolístico de preadolescentes, correlaciona con el entrenamiento en las funciones ejecutivas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que existe una rela- Funciones ejecutivas Rendimiento futbolístico ción positiva entre ambos constructos, de manera que cuanto mejor sea la función ejecutiva, mayor será el rendimiento en el fútbol.…”

Section: Discusión Y Conclusionesunclassified

“…Más específicamente, los datos muestran que los participantes presentan ciertas FEs, que los sitúan en diferentes puntos, lo que podría ser fruto de su condición personal y de las influencias en otros contextos, de modo que la mayoría obtiene valores medios centrales y una leve minoría alcanza una elevada puntuación en FEs. Y por otro, tal y como señala Beavan et al (2020), que las FEs no se mantienen constantes, sino que cambian conforme aumenta el tiempo de práctica deportiva, de manera que, cuanto mayor es el tiempo dedicado al fútbol, mejores serán los resultados obtenidos en las FEs, coincidiendo en este sentido, con los resultados obtenidos por Gómez et al (2020) y San Miguel-Rodríguez (2020), entre otros. Así pues, se puede concluir que, aunque las FEs iniciales son relevantes, cuanto más tiempo se dedica a practicar fútbol, más inteligencia de juego futbolístico se adquiere, empleando la jerga lingüística de Beavan et al (2019).…”

Section: Discusión Y Conclusionesunclassified

“…Por tanto, deben ser consideradas todas las variables que inciden en el aprendizaje-control-dominio de estas, ya sea el tiempo de entrenamiento, variables relacionadas con la relación entrenador-deportista, estados emocionales y condición física de los deportistas. No obstante, aunque se desconocen los factores principales que contribuyen a que las funciones ejecutivas aumenten a lo largo de la carrera de un deportista (Beavan, et al, 2020), las investigaciones parecen concluir que el tiempo de práctica deportiva, ya sea mediante entrenamiento o en los partidos jugados, desempeña un efecto positivo en las FEs, obteniendo mejores puntuaciones, especialmente en la memoria de trabajo, aquellas personas que dedican más tiempo al juego futbolístico (Gómez, et al, 2020;Verburgh et. al., 2016).…”

Section: Introducción Y Estado De La Cuestiónunclassified

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Funciones ejecutivas y rendimiento futbolístico. Diseño y evaluación de un programa de intervención (Executive functions and football performance. Design and evaluation of an intervention program)

Bernal

Prados

Sarmiento

et al. 2021

Retos

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Es conocida la relación entre variables neuropsicológicas y destrezas en el ámbito deportivo. Dado que el fútbol es uno de los deportes más practicados en el mundo, es importante analizar el estudio de estas variables en dicho deporte, así como desarrollar intervenciones que contribuyan a mejorar la habilidad deportiva de forma indirecta. La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo averiguar los efectos de un programa de intervención en el que se trabajaron las funciones ejecutivas (FEs) con la finalidad de mejorar el rendimiento en el fútbol. Se llevó a cabo una intervención en la que participaron un total de 29 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre ocho y diez años, que practicaban fútbol de forma habitual. Se realizó una evaluación final para la medición de las funciones ejecutivas, a través del cuestionario para la Evaluación Conductual de la Función Ejecutiva-2 (BRIEF-2). Los resultados apuntan a una relación positiva entre las funciones ejecutiva y el rendimiento en el fútbol. Abstract. The relationship between neuropsychological variables and skills in the sports field is known. Taken into account that soccer is one of the most practiced sports in the world, it is important to analyze the study of these variables in this sport, as well as to develop interventions that indirectly contribute to improve sports ability. The present research aimed to find out the effects of an intervention program in which the executive functions were trained in order to improve soccer performance. An intervention program was developed with a total of 29 participants between eight to ten years old, who regularly practice soccer. The executive functions measurement test was carried out through the BRIEF-2 questionnaire. The results point to a positive relationship between executive function and soccer performance.

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The rise and fall of executive functions in high-level football players

Cited by 49 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercises on Executive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercises on Executive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nationwide Subjective and Objective Assessments of Potential Talent Predictors in Elite Youth Soccer: An Investigation of Prognostic Validity in a Prospective Study

Funciones ejecutivas y rendimiento futbolístico. Diseño y evaluación de un programa de intervención (Executive functions and football performance. Design and evaluation of an intervention program)

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