The Risk of Developing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Integrated Health Care System of Pakistan-A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Studies regarding the prevalence of CLABSIs in Pakistan are limited. However, it is known that healthcare-associated infections are a concern in many low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. The present study is aimed to identify the relative risk of developing CLABSIs in the hospital care setups of Pakistan. The risk of biases in included studies was assessed using Cochrane tool parameters. Analysis of results revealed a relative risk of getting CLABSIs is 1.78 (p<0.001) among patients admitted in the hospitals for greater than 72 hours. This shows that the chances of getting infected at the central line site were more than 50% among patients admitted to ICUs in Pakistan. It has been concluded that the relative risk of CLABSIs in the integrated healthcare system of Pakistan is high.

Effects of interval training on hemodynamic variables after coronary artery bypass graft: a meta-analysis

“…20 Another study compared aerobic interval training protocol with MICT, and found that in improving haemodynamic variables, continuous training protocol had an edge over interval training lasting 24 weeks with 5 sessions per week. 21 A study conducted on CABG patients who were 22 Keteyian et al observed that MICT was significantly more effective than HIIT on both SBP and DBP of patients after CABG surgery. 23 Currie et al compared low-volume HIIT with higher-volume MICT, and concluded that MICT was more effective than interval training on SBP, DBP and HR.…”

“…Continuous measure analysis was performed to determine the pooled effect based on standardized mean difference (SMD) at 95% confidence interval (CI). The effect size was estimated using Cohen's rule of thumb 21 that categorises an effect size on 3 parameters; small with effect size 0.2-0.5, moderate with effect size 0.5-0.8 and large with effect size >0.8. For heterogeneity level, the value of I2 was used in order to make interpretation on the basis of random and fixed effect model (I2<50=fixed effect, I2>50= random effect, p<0.05).…”