The role of A-site composition in the photostability of tin–lead perovskite solar cells

Hernandez, Luis Huerta; Haque, Azimul; Sharma, Anirudh; Lanzetta, Luis; Bertrandie, Jules; Yazmaciyan, Aren; Troughton, Joel; Baran, Derya

doi:10.1039/d2se00663d

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Mixed cations in the A site first became popular in lead-based perovskites, resulting in higher stability and PCEs. [107][108][109] As expected, mixed A-site Sn-based perovskites have also been successful. Mixed cations MA and Cs were introduced by Liu et al [110] however, the PSCs suffered low PCEs which was mainly attributed to a poor open-circuit voltage of 0.22 V. Zhao et al [111] later introduced mixed MA and FA cations, and showed that the optical properties of Sn-based perovskites were influenced by the ratios of the mixed cations.…”

Section: Mixed A-site Sn-halide Perovskitessupporting

confidence: 68%

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Engineering Stable Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Lessons from Materials Chemistry

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demonstrating a lower dependence on fossil fuels. Although crystalline silicon (c-Si) is still the market front runner for PV due to its ideal bandgap for single-junction solar cells, c-Si does not have a readily tunable bandgap. This makes c-Si less suited for indoor PV or multijunction solar cells, which require alternative bandgaps to operate at their peak. In just over a decade of research, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as an alternative PV technology which have tuneable bandgaps, low fabrication costs, solution processability, compliancy with flexible materials, long electron-hole diffusion length, and high charge carrier mobility. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The perovskite absorber layer is based on the ABX 3 crystal structure made up of organic/inorganic monovalent cations (A), a divalent cation (B) and one or more halides (X) as shown in Figure 1a. [10] Since the first publication on PSCs in 2009, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) have gone from 3.8% to 25.7 %, making PSCs the fastest growing PV technology to date. [11][12][13] Despite their promise, toxic heavy metal element Pb (in the structure's B-site) is still required to achieve highly competitive efficiencies, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] which is a major obstacle in the field that is yet to be overcome. In contact with moisture and/or light + oxygen lead halide perovskites can easily decompose into watersoluble compounds of lead, [24][25][26][27][28] which then inevitably accumulate within the food chain and therefore have the potential to ingress into the human body. [29] While several low toxicity metal halide alternatives to Pb have been proposed, [30][31][32][33][34][35] the favorable physical and optical properties of Sn make it the most promising substitute. [29,36] The first demonstration of Sn-halide PSCs was in 2014, where Hao et al. and Noel et al. reported 5.7% and 6.4% PCE respectively using methylammonium tin halides as the absorber layers (MAS-nIBr 2 and MASnI 3 , respectively). [30,31] At present, the highest performing Sn-halide PSCs show PCEs of over 14%; Yu et al. reported certified 14.03%-efficient 2D/3D perovskite solar cells, [37] while Jiang et al. achieved a certified PCE of 14.6% via a novel film fabrication route based on SnI 2 adducts (further details will be provided below). [38] To date, most of the progress with Sn-halide perovskites has been made using formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI 3 , see Figure 1b) and closely related recipes. [39][40][41][42][43] The favored use of the FA cation can be attributed to the higher formation energies of Sn vacancies in FASnI 3 and thus a lower hole density in comparison to MASnI 3 . [44] In comparison to their Pb-based counterparts, Sn-halide perovskites Substituting toxic lead with tin (Sn) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the most promising route toward the development of high-efficiency lead-free devices. Despite the encouraging efficiencies of Sn-PSCs, they are still yet to surpass 15% and suffer detrimental oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV). Since their...

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Section: Mixed A-site Sn-halide Perovskitessupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Mixed cations in the A site first became popular in lead‐based perovskites, resulting in higher stability and PCEs. [ 107–109 ] As expected, mixed A‐site Sn‐based perovskites have also been successful. Mixed cations MA and Cs were introduced by Liu et al.…”

Section: Composition Engineeringsupporting

confidence: 53%

Engineering Stable Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Lessons from Materials Chemistry

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“…Accounting for A-site engineering alone, the Sn-Pb-HPSCs also demonstrated improvement in PCE with slightly better device stability. [72,242] X-site engineering by incorporating a small amount of Br and Cl into Sn-Pb-HPSCs reduces nonradiative recombination at grain boundaries of Sn-Pb perovskite, leading to better device performances. [243,244] Additionally, Wang et al used alkylammonium pseudohalide as a functional pseudohalide additive in MA-free Sn-Pb-HPSCs, improving the film formation and inhibited iodine vacancies.…”

Section: B-site Modulated: Pb/sn/ge-based Hpscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Efficiency and Stability of Lead, Tin, and Lead/Tin Perovskite Solar Cells: Strategies and Perspectives

Khadka,

Shirai,

Yanagida

et al. 2023

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Halide‐perovskite‐based solar cells (HPSCs) have established themselves as a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology in a remarkably short time. The rapid improvement in HPSCs can be attributed to the unique material and optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskite semiconductors coupled with a very knowledgeable and experienced PV community. This review briefly summarizes the chemistry of halide perovskites, delving into the fundamental aspects of crystal structure and optical bandgap, followed by a more in‐depth report on the advancements in HPSCs efficiencies, thanks to structural regulation, interfacial modulation, and thin‐film engineering. It is mainly focused on three metal halide perovskites topics: 1) high‐performance Pb‐based perovskites, 2) Sn‐based perovskites and their associated challenges, and 3) emerging work on mixed composition Pb–Sn perovskites. For each of these domains, the effects stemming from the tuning of the monovalent A‐site and the halide site are examined. Additionally, various approaches aimed at passivating defects in the bulk film and at the interface, along with carrier transport engineering, are discussed. The discussions also encompass the broader implications for device performance, stability, and material toxicity. Finally, perspectives on the future directions and the commercial feasibility of perovskite photovoltaic technologies are provided.

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“…Similar to the development of Pb-based PSCs, the selection of the A-site cation in TLSPCs gradually evolved from single- to mixed-cation compositions (Figure ). Driven by the high and reproducible efficiencies above 20%, the combination of MA and FA (or MAFA) has been established as one of the most reported compositions. − ,, Nevertheless, diverse thermal stability and photostability experiments on this composition have revealed at least ∼20% PCE losses after 250 h under stress. ,,− As mentioned in Reaction , the loss of MA after thermal treatment (even as low as 50 °C) is typically acknowledged as the main reason behind the limited stability of MAFA compositions. , Further insights into the device photostability have consistently shown that the compositions with contents of MA ≥ 20% lead to a rapid efficiency drop during the initial minutes of operation. ,, The reason behind this drop has been attributed to several factors related to ion migration and/or to the appearance of nanosized Sn y /Pb (1‑ y ) I 2 aggregates on the film surface, which can further act as recombination centers and accelerate the perovskite degradation . While the nature of these aggregates is not clear, it is plausible that they are unreacted precursors caused by fast crystallization.…”

Section: Influence Of Perovskite Composition On Operational Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34,35 Further insights into the device photostability have consistently shown that the compositions with contents of MA ≥ 20% lead to a rapid efficiency drop during the initial minutes of operation. 31,32,36 The reason behind this drop has been attributed to several factors related to ion migration 36 and/or to the appearance of nanosized Sn y /Pb (1-y) I 2 aggregates on the film surface, which can further act as recombination centers and accelerate the perovskite degradation. 32 While the nature of these aggregates is not clear, it is plausible that they are unreacted precursors caused by fast crystallization.…”

Section: ■ Influence Of Perovskite Composition On Operational Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Limiting the Operational Stability of Tin–Lead Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2022

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Tin–lead perovskite solar cells (TLPSCs) have emerged as one of the most efficient photovoltaic technologies. However, their stability under operational conditions (ambient air, temperature, bias, and illumination) is lagging behind their sharp efficiency increase, restraining their further development. In this Focus Review, we provide insights into the degradation mechanisms of tin–lead perovskites and summarize the principal factors that currently limit the operational stability of TLPSCs. Specifically, perovskite composition and the device architecture stand out as critical aspects governing their sensitivity toward stressors such as temperature and light. We discuss several strategies to overcome these limitations and emphasize the adoption of standardized methods to quantify the lifetime of a device. We further propose using various characterization techniques to identify possible device failure mechanisms. We expect this Focus Review to assist in the progress toward the development of efficient and stable perovskite devices.

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The role of A-site composition in the photostability of tin–lead perovskite solar cells

Abstract: The efficiency of tin-lead perovskite solar cells (TLPSC) has been consistently increasing. However, their photostability continues to be a persistent challenge. Besides the oxidation of tin (Sn), the presence of...

Cited by 10 publications

References 57 publications

Engineering Stable Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Lessons from Materials Chemistry

Engineering Stable Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Lessons from Materials Chemistry

Advancing Efficiency and Stability of Lead, Tin, and Lead/Tin Perovskite Solar Cells: Strategies and Perspectives

Factors Limiting the Operational Stability of Tin–Lead Perovskite Solar Cells

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