“…Achievement-related behaviors, such as learned helplessness and active task avoidance, have provoked interest among researchers because these behaviors have proven to be maladaptive in terms of their effect on achievement outcomes (e.g., Aunola, Nurmi, TEMPERAMENT, AFFECTS, AND BEHAVIORS 4 Lerkkanen, & Rasku-Puttonen, 2003;Dweck, 1986;Fyrstén, Nurmi, & Lyytinen, 2006;Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1986). Although such behaviors are students' attempts to cope with the situational demands and stress in academic settings, they have negative consequences on students' performance.…”