The role of adult bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in the repair of tissue injuries

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells, which reside in adult bone marrow are multipotent, have an excellent regeneration potential for tissue repair. These cells are able to differentiate in cell culture not only into mesodermal lineages but also into other lineages of ectodermal and endodermal cells. This regenerative process is assisted by application of bioactive molecules, specific growth factors and biomaterials (scaffolds). The cell therapy is successfully used in the treatment of bone defects, nonunions, osteoblasts formed from the mesenchymal stem cells. At present, there are encouraging data in the clinical practice. The mesenchymal stem cell seems to be successful in the regeneration of articular cartilage. There are further promising data for the application of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of myocardial infarction, neurologic diseases, liver and kidney diseases and injuries and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to survey the molecular characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and specific growth factors using the data of preclinical investigations and to call attention to their possible clinical application.

Nerve Regeneration and Stem Cells

“…The next option is to use precursor stem cells, many studies promoting using the stem cells, culture them and use them after differentiation into nerve cells or Schwann cells [4,5,[13][14][15][16].…”

“…According to studies and literature, stem cells can differentiate into the special cells that are needed for the repair of the defective tissue, can produce growth factors for growth of these cells [4,[17][18][19], can produce regenerative factors, bioactive molecules [14], special growth factors [14], regulating molecules [20], trophic molecules [2,11,19,[21][22][23][24][25], special extracellular matrix molecules [21], cytokines for differentiation of the stem cells into proper cells [4,18,19,26,27], promoting re-myelination [4,21], Structural support [11], increase in plasticity [11], reduction in retrograde degeneration [11], they are neuro-protective [19,28], they modulate the bed tissues [22], can modulate the immune system and produce proper environment for the regeneration of nerves [5,11,19,21,29,30]. Some of the cells would differentiate into endothelial cells to re-vascularize the tissue or have neovascularization effects [31][32][33].…”

“…Adult stem cells can be harvested from Bone Marrow (BMSC), Adipose Tissues (ADSC), umbilical cord, skin, dental pulp and nerve tissues [1,3,36,37] (Table 1). [6,14,20,32].…”

“…They have also been used for reproduction of myocardial cells, kidney, liver and for insulin-producing cells of pancreas [6,14,38]. It has been postulated that BM stem cells can give neurotrophic factor gene (s) to the genome of the neurons [23].…”

“…For having complete effects of stem cells during the repair of neural tissues, some authors recommend using conduits, fibrin glue, immune-modulator drugs, scaffolds, biomaterials and rehabilitation, functional electrical stimulation, and physiotherapy [2,3,11,14,32,[41][42][43]. Four mechanism has been postulated for the action of stem cells; resident stem cells, circulating stem cells, transient dedifferentiation of local paranchyma and neuroneogenesis [23,25,44].…”