The role of artisanal and small-scale mining in China's economy

Shen, Lei; Gunson, Aaron James

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.08.006

Cited by 74 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Artisanal mining can produce mercury emissions, ~45% of the released mercury is atmospheric, through the use of mercury amalgamation to recover gold from ore and is the single largest source of atmospheric mercury emissions in China, making up ~29% [4]. Although mercury amalgam processes are illegal in China, they are still in use [14], and, thus, many of these artisanal mining sources have not been included in emission inventories. Artisanal mining is greatest in Hebei and Shandong both due north of Nanjing [14].…”

Section: Transport Of Tgm From Non-urban Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although mercury amalgam processes are illegal in China, they are still in use [14], and, thus, many of these artisanal mining sources have not been included in emission inventories. Artisanal mining is greatest in Hebei and Shandong both due north of Nanjing [14]. In Figure 16, for both episodes there is a common theme of air masses passing over these provinces before reaching Nanjing.…”

Section: Transport Of Tgm From Non-urban Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are large uncertainties in the emissions from manufacturing and non-ferrous metal smelting in addition to a total lack of mercury emissions information from vinyl chloride monomer manufacture prevalent in China [4,8]. Furthermore, Eastern China contains large numbers of officially illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations that are most heavily concentrated in the provinces of Hebei and Shandong, near the Nanjing study site [14]. Officially, ASGM in China is estimated to emit 83 to 250 tons of mercury per year to the atmosphere accounting for nearly 30% of Chinese emissions, more than coal combustion for power generation, which was 60.9 to 138.2 tons [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources and Dynamic Processes Controlling Background and Peak Concentrations of TGM in Nanjing, China

Hall

Mao

et al. 2014

Atmosphere

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Total gaseous mercury (TGM) data from urban Nanjing, at the western edge of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China, over nine months, were analyzed for peak and background mercury concentrations. The background concentration of TGM was found to be 2.2 ng•m −3 . In examining episodic influences of free tropospheric air masses on the surface TGM concentrations in Nanjing, we hypothesize heterogeneity in the global distribution of TGM concentrations in the free troposphere. The nine-month averaged diurnal cycles of TGM indicate a strong co-emission with SO 2 and an underestimation of greater than 80% TGM emissions in current inventories. Regular peak concentrations of mercury were investigated and the major causes were YRD emissions, transport from rural areas, and monsoonal transport. Transport of rural emissions is hypothesized to be from illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining that are currently missing in the emission inventories. Enhancement of TGM associated with summer monsoon contributed to a

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Section: Transport Of Tgm From Non-urban Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transport Of Tgm From Non-urban Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources and Dynamic Processes Controlling Background and Peak Concentrations of TGM in Nanjing, China

Hall

Mao

et al. 2014

Atmosphere

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“…The rapid development of the cement industry in China has dramatically increased the demand for limestone, the major raw material of cement production (Chaulya et al 2001;Misra and Holtec 2002). Due to a lower mining cost, a large number of countries, especially developing countries, have chosen opencast quarrying as a major way to produce limestone (Chaulya et al 2001;Andrew 2003;Ghose 2003;Shen and Gunson 2006). Once the quarry is sited, the flora, fauna and soil are removed, with multiple ecological implications, including the loss of ecosystem services, damage to the biodiversity, and visual pollution in mining areas (Costanza et al 1997;Daily 1999;Daily et al 2000;Misra and Holtec 2002;Andrew 2003;Ghose 2003;Kambani 2003;Chee 2004;Shen and Gunson 2006).…”

Section: Speeding Up the Construction Of Urban Infrastructure Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The strategic ecological impact assessment of urban development policies: a case study of Rizhao City, China

Wang

Li²,

et al. 2008

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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In China urban development policies (UDP) are legislated aiming to promote the cities' socio-economic development. Urbanization, however, leads to urban expansion and land-use changes, which in turn affects the structure, function and processes of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Rizhao City, a seaport city of China, was chosen as a case study in order to study the ecological impacts of UDP at a strategic level. Ecosystems and their components were identified and assessed. The changes of biodiversity, habitats and ecosystem services caused by the UDP of Rizhao City were examined and analyzed. We found that UDP contributes in an essential way to protect and maintain the ecosystems and their components when it comes to land-use change. Based on our analysis, ecosystems as well as ecosystem services of Rizhao City are expected to be maintained in the near future with the current UDP.

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“…Furthermore, aside from the ecological impacts of hydroelectricity projects (Fearnside 1988(Fearnside reprinted 2002Li et al 2001;Tilt et al 2008) a more comprehensive interpretation of sustainable development includes empowering local communities through education, creating economic autonomy, building capacity and political participation, limiting corruption and improving governance (Amankwah 2003;Hutton 2003;Shen 2006;Cole 2007;Tschakert 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue carbon: a study of the potential of coastal ecosystem resource management in global climate policy and carbon markets

Schierl¹

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Blue carbon refers to carbon stored or sequestered in marine and coastal ecosystems including mangrove forests, tidal salt marshes and seagrass meadows, as well as coral reefs and oceanic carbon sinks in the form of marine algae. These habitats provide important ecosystem services (spawning habitat, defence against storms, nutrient cycling, pollination) and economic resources (livelihoods, and provision of food, materials and medicines) yet are largely unregarded in international climate change mitigation and adaptation frameworks. While there is considerable enthusiasm in the scientific and policy communities over the potential of blue carbon finance to support sustainability initiatives and local development, efforts to enact blue carbon project activities are severely constrained by a range of economic and social factors. Advocates of blue carbon consistently fail to understand the importance of blue carbon as an economic commodity, focusing largely on scientific uncertainty and governance issues.In order to integrate blue carbon offset activities into global policy mechanisms, scientific methods are required to quantify the carbon storage and sequestration benefits of blue ecosystems. To facilitate the participation of communities in blue carbon project activities, critical and theoretical social science perspectives are needed to understand the constraints, opportunities, and drivers of engagement. Securing necessary financial resources and market engagement requires recognition of investment priorities and commercial imperatives. This study therefore requires the application of a transdisciplinary framework to explore the multi-dimensional nature of the emerging localinternational carbon value network. Integrating a number of journal articles as key chapters, the thesis first considers the broad political economy of carbon in global markets, and then investigates the blue carbon value chain (or network) as a case study. This value network extends from 'producers' to 'end users', and the thesis examines the roles of actors and stakeholders using the tools and theoretical perspectives of institutional and ecological economics, political ecology, systems dynamics, and development studies. Understanding the institutional systems in which ecosystem-based carbon offsets operate, and the motivations of and constraints on the actors in those systems, will help to identify policy interventions and reforms that will facilitate the development and implementation of blue carbon activities.The complex challenges of the 21 st Century imply that transition to a resilient and sustainable global society will require new understandings of wealth and economic value, and new approaches to environmental governance. Blue carbon can be considered a 'proxy' for a range of outcomesadaptation to climate change effects, support of food security and community development, and the building of social-ecological resilience in marine managed areas. As such, blue carbon is an ideal iv case study of the emerging models of local-to-...

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The role of artisanal and small-scale mining in China's economy

Cited by 74 publications

References 17 publications

Sources and Dynamic Processes Controlling Background and Peak Concentrations of TGM in Nanjing, China

Sources and Dynamic Processes Controlling Background and Peak Concentrations of TGM in Nanjing, China

The strategic ecological impact assessment of urban development policies: a case study of Rizhao City, China

Blue carbon: a study of the potential of coastal ecosystem resource management in global climate policy and carbon markets

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