The Role of Asphaltenes in Emulsion Formation for Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Expanding Solvent - SAGD (ES-SAGD)

Abstract

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Expanding Solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) have previously been compared and ES-SAGD has shown improved oil recovery with lower energy and water requirements and significant oil upgrading. However, solvent selection is the key factor which determines the performance of ES-SAGD due to the asphaltene-solvent interaction. The change in asphaltene stability with the solvent type can have several drawbacks during ES-SAGD. Stable emulsion formation is one of these problems which have not been investigated thoroughly for ES-SAGD. In this study, we characterized both water-in-oil and oil-in-water type of emulsions originating from SAGD, SAGD with n-hexane and SAGD with n-hexane and toluene mixture experiments. These three experiments were conducted on 8.65°API Canadian bitumen with 34.3 wt% asphaltene content. Structural changes in produced oil, produced water, and spent rock samples were analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Emulsions in produced oil and water samples were determined with microscopic images. The differences in emulsions were interpreted with the wettability change determined on spent rock samples. Moreover, the asphaltene fraction of produced oil samples is further analyzed with FTIR and zeta potential measurements. For produced oil, the greatest asphaltene content with more severe emulsion formations were detected on the sample originating from SAGD. In terms of stability, because the asphaltenes originating from both ES-SAGD experiments have higher zeta potential values, lower emulsion stability has been observed for the produced oil originating from ES-SAGD. In summary, the role of asphaltenes on emulsion formation has been studied for SAGD and ES-SAGD for bitumen extraction. ES-SAGD with asphaltene soluble solvents leads to the formation of less stable emulsions.

Nanoparticles Technology for Improving Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Process Performance: A Review

“…This gas layer acts as a heat insulator and adversely impacts oil reduction. Similarly, Kar et al noted comparable enhancements in employing lighter solvents (C 6 ) combined with heavier toluene. This co-injection of both solvents resulted in increased recovery rates and reduced asphaltene content in the produced oil.…”

Analysis of steam–solvent–bitumen phase behavior and solvent mass transfer for improving the performance of the ES-SAGD process

“…Further, since the formation of emulsions result from steam condensate contacting oil near the boundary of the steam chamber (Mohammadzadeh et al, 2012;Zendehboudi et al, 2014;Kar et al, 2014), the role of emulsions on oil flow and solvent mass transfer also needs more study.…”

The Role of Resins, Asphaltenes, and Water in Water–Oil Emulsion Breaking with Microwave Heating

“…1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 14 It has been observed that both water and clay contribute the formation of stable emulsions. 13,19,41 The greatest water content (54 wt %) with the greatest clay content (14.25 wt %) is observed in the emulsions originated from E1 in which only steam was injected for 12 hours. In ES-SAGD experiments (E2, E3, and E4), the water content increase is observed with the increase in asphaltene content (compare Water Content in Figure 4-A to Asphaltenes in Figure 4 The asphaltene-water interaction shows a linear relation ( Figure 5).…”

“…It has been observed that both water and clay contribute to the formation of stable emulsions. ,, The greatest water content (54 wt %) with the greatest clay content (14.25 wt %) is observed in the emulsions that originated from E1, in which only steam was injected for 12 h. In ES-SAGD experiments (E2–E4), the water content increase is observed with the increase in asphaltene content. (Compare water content in Figure A to asphaltenes in Figure B.)…”