The Role of Atypical Pathogens in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Marrie, Thomas J.; Costain, Nicholas; Scola, Bernard La; Patrick, Ward; Forgie, Sarah; Xu, Zhaolin; McNeil, Shelly

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1315636

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…APMV is a putative pneumonia agent and studies associating this virus with human pneumonia cases are still under investigation [51,54,55,94-97]. APMV genetic material (once) and antibodies against APMV have been detected in samples from patients who had pneumonia without any known cause (bacterial, viral or fungal); these patients came from different locations and were studied by different research groups, lending strength to the possible role of APMV as a pneumonia agent [54-57,98].…”

Section: Clinical Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus and other giant viruses: an open field to outstanding discoveries

Abrahão

Dornas

Silva

et al. 2014

Virol J

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In 2003, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) was first described and began to impact researchers around the world, due to its structural and genetic complexity. This virus founded the family Mimiviridae. In recent years, several new giant viruses have been isolated from different environments and specimens. Giant virus research is in its initial phase and information that may arise in the coming years may change current conceptions of life, diversity and evolution. Thus, this review aims to condense the studies conducted so far about the features and peculiarities of APMV, from its discovery to its clinical relevance.

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Section: Clinical Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus and other giant viruses: an open field to outstanding discoveries

Abrahão

Dornas

Silva

et al. 2014

Virol J

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“…CAP can be of bacterial and/or viral etiology [66]. Bacterial CAP is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; other common pathogens involved are Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacteriaceae, Legionella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae.…”

Section: Chlamydia Pneumoniae: Respiratory Infections Coronary Artermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common treatment for CAP is empiric antibiotic therapy with a betalactam in combination with macrolides, respiratory fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines [71]. Specific treatment of C. pneumoniae induced acute respiratory infection is successful with macrolides, tetracyclines, or respiratory fluoroquinolones [66]. However, the benefit of treatment is difficult to assess as the majority of the studies have relied on serology for the diagnosis of C. pneumoniae induced respiratory infections [52].…”

Section: Chlamydia Pneumoniae: Respiratory Infections Coronary Artermentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Chlamydial Diseases: From Atherosclerosis to Urogenital Infections

Leonard

Borel

2014

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

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Chlamydiae cause a wide range of diseases in human and animal hosts. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis are important human pathogens with worldwide distribution that produce significant morbidity. Acute infections with C. pneumoniae cause respiratory tract infections, while chronic infection has been linked to chronic bronchitis, asthma and atherosclerosis. Ocular serovars of C. trachomatis induce trachoma, the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) worldwide. Acute infections with genital serovars of C. trachomatis remain clinically silent in most women, but can progress to upper genital tract infection leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydiainduced, reactive arthritis can develop as a late-term condition after genital C. trachomatis or respiratory C. pneumoniae infection. In this review, we address recent information on pathogenesis, immune response, diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases induced by C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Abstract:Chlamydiae cause a wide range of diseases in human and animal hosts. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis are important human pathogens with worldwide distribution that produce significant morbidity. Acute infections with C. pneumoniae cause respiratory tract infections, while chronic infection has been linked to chronic bronchitis, asthma and atherosclerosis. Ocular serovars of C. trachomatis induce trachoma, the leading cause of blindness worldwide. C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) worldwide. Acute infections with genital serovars of C. trachomatis remain clinically silent in most women but can progress to upper genital tract infection leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia-induced, reactive arthritis can develop as a late-term condition after genital C. trachomatis or respiratory C. pneumoniae infection. In this review we address recent information on pathogenesis, immune

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“…The recent development of molecular microbiological techniques should help to clarify the epidemiology and presentation of intracellular pathogens in CAP and help a shift to more targeted antimicrobial therapy [6]. The intracellular pathogens that are well-established as causes of pneumonia are: Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci and Coxiella burnetii [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-acquired pneumonia related to intracellular pathogens

Cillóniz¹,

Niederman

Eerden

et al. 2016

Intensive Care Med

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide; the annual incidence of CAP among adults in Europe has ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 per 1000 population. Intracellular bacteria are common causes of CAP. However, there is considerable variation in the reported incidence between countries and change over time. The intracellular pathogens that are well established as causes of pneumonia are Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Coxiella burnetii. Since it is known that antibiotic treatment for severe CAP is empiric and includes coverage of typical and atypical pathogens, microbiological diagnosis bears an important relationship to prognosis of pneumonia. Factors such as adequacy of initial antibiotic or early de-escalation of therapy are important variables associated with outcomes, especially in severe cases. Intracellular pathogens sometimes appear to cause more severe disease with respiratory failure and multisystem dysfunction associated with fatal outcomes. The clinical relevance of intracellular pathogens in severe CAP has not been specifically investigated. We review the prevalence, general characteristics, and outcomes of severe CAP cases caused by intracellular pathogens.

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The Role of Atypical Pathogens in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Cited by 20 publications

References 121 publications

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus and other giant viruses: an open field to outstanding discoveries

Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus and other giant viruses: an open field to outstanding discoveries

Chronic Chlamydial Diseases: From Atherosclerosis to Urogenital Infections

Community-acquired pneumonia related to intracellular pathogens

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