The Role of Betaine in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: a Narrative Review

Alvarenga, Livia; Ferreira, Maira Silva; Kemp, Julie Ann; Mafra, Denise

doi:10.1007/s13668-022-00426-z

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…TMAO has been linked to multiple atherosclerotic pathways 45 and acts as a potential risk factor for CVD. 46 Betaine is a methyl donor essential for DNA and protein methylation, 6 and studies have shown that both hyper-and hypo-methylation are associated with hypertension. 47,48 Differences in dietary patterns may partially explain the inconsistent findings from various ethnic groups.…”

Section: Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is widely used as an osmoprotectant molecule in the kidneys and a vital methyl donor in the transmethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine. 6 Experimental studies have suggested that betaine may protect against kidney damage, 7 suppress the Hcy level, 8 have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, 9 improve insulin resistance, and help to maintain the homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism. 10 Blood pressure and renal function are closely intertwined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of serum betaine with blood pressure and hypertension incidence in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study

Huang

Chen

et al. 2023

Food Funct.

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Section: Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of serum betaine with blood pressure and hypertension incidence in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study

Huang

Chen

et al. 2023

Food Funct.

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“…The exploratory nature of our study design precludes a causal or mechanistic interpretation of the candidate biomarkers and renal function. However, many of the putative identities of candidate biomarkers for early detection and prognosis are involved in metabolic pathways discussed above (such as urea derivatives, various androgens, inflammatory lipid mediators eicosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid, stearolic acid) and/or have been previously linked to PKD and/or CKD (such as creatinine, cAMP (39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44), betaine aldehyde (45,46), phosphoric acid (47)(48)(49)(50), and anandamide (51,52)).…”

Section: Panel Of Diagnostic and Prognostic Metabolite Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Profiling to Identify Early Urinary Biomarkers and Metabolic Pathway Alterations in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Houske

Glimm

Bergstrom

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the formation of numerous fluid-filled cysts that lead to progressive loss of functional nephrons. Currently, there is an unmet need for diagnostic and prognostic indicators of early stages of the disease. Metabolites were extracted from the urine of early-stage ADPKD patients (n=48) and age- and sex-matched normal controls (n=47) and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis was employed to generate a global metabolomic profile of early ADPKD for the identification of metabolic pathway alterations and discriminatory metabolites as candidates of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The global metabolomic profile exhibited alterations in steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the urea cycle. A panel of 46 metabolite features were identified as candidate diagnostic biomarkers. Notable putative identities of candidate diagnostic biomarkers for early detection include creatinine, cAMP, dCMP, various androgens (testosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3,17,dione, trans-dehydroandrosterone), betaine aldehyde, phosphoric acid, choline, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and cortisol. Metabolic pathways associated with variable rates of disease progression included steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, vitamin D3 metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid metabolism, sialic acid metabolism, and chondroitin sulfate and heparin sulfate degradation. A panel of 41 metabolite features were identified as candidate prognostic biomarkers. Notable putative identities of candidate prognostic biomarkers include ethanolamine, C20:4 anandamide phosphate, progesterone, various androgens (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, epiandrosterone), betaine aldehyde, inflammatory lipids (eicosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid, stearolic acid), and choline. Our exploratory data support metabolic reprogramming in early ADPKD and demonstrate the ability of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based global metabolomic profiling to detect metabolic pathway alterations as new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for early diagnosis and tracking disease progression of ADPKD.

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“…In the kidney medulla, betaine is an osmoprotectant, where it preserves cell volume and function in the presence of the high osmolarity needed for urine concentration and water reabsorption [18]. Plasma levels of betaine decrease with CKD progression [19], but oral administration of betaine in hyperuricemic mice resulted in significantly reduced serum uric acid and increased markers of improved kidney function [20]. Foods high in betaine have been reported to increase the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Betaine and Soluble Fiber Improve Body Composition and Plasma Metabolites in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease

Ephraim¹,

Jewell²

2023

Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed)

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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in cats and cachexia (loss of lean body mass) is a concern. A nutrition-based intervention was investigated in cats with CKD for its effects on body composition, the plasma metabolome, and possible implications on health. Methods: After a 4-week prefeed period with the control food, cats with CKD (N = 24) were randomized to one of six groups to consume a control food; a food supplemented with 0.5% betaine, 0.39% oat beta-glucan, and 0.27% short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS, test food 1); and a food supplemented with 0.5% betaine, 0.59% oat beta-glucan, and 0.41% scFOS (test food 2) in a William's Latin Square design, each for 10 weeks. Body composition was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, and the plasma metabolome was characterized. Results: Despite no significant differences in daily intake among the three foods, significant increases in total body mass, lean body mass, and lean plus bone mineral composition were observed when cats with CKD consumed test food 1 compared with the control food; numerical increases were seen with test food 2 versus the control food. Plasma metabolomics indicated increased one-carbon metabolism following consumption of test food 1 and/or 2, with significant increases in sarcosine and numerical increases in methionine. Lower levels of plasma trans-4-hydroxyproline and N-methylproline following consumption of test foods 1 and 2 indicates reduced collagen breakdown and perhaps reduced fibrosis. Several acylcarnitines and branched-chain fatty acids associated with CKD were also reduced when cats ate test food 1 or 2 versus the control food. Higher plasma levels of sphingomyelins with consumption of test food 1 or 2 may reflect less severe CKD. Conclusions: Consumption of foods with supplemental betaine and fibers by cats with CKD led to improvements in body composition and changes in the plasma metabolome that correspond to better kidney health.

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The Role of Betaine in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: a Narrative Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 110 publications

Associations of serum betaine with blood pressure and hypertension incidence in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study

Associations of serum betaine with blood pressure and hypertension incidence in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study

Metabolomic Profiling to Identify Early Urinary Biomarkers and Metabolic Pathway Alterations in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Betaine and Soluble Fiber Improve Body Composition and Plasma Metabolites in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease

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