The Role of C-Reactive Protein in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview

Nakou, Eleni; Liberopoulos, Evangelos N.; Milionis, Haralampos; Elisaf, Moses

doi:10.2174/157016108785909733

Cited by 51 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…32 In ApoE knockout mice, pCRP increases and mCRP reduces the plaque development. 33 In addition, in atherosclerotic lesions, mCRP colocalizes with complement proteins C3b, iC3b and the terminal complement complex, as well as with oxidized and modified LDL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monomeric CRP contributes to complement control in fluid phase and on cellular surfaces and increases phagocytosis by recruiting factor H

et al. 2009

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monomeric CRP contributes to complement control in fluid phase and on cellular surfaces and increases phagocytosis by recruiting factor H

et al. 2009

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“…Initial stages of atherosclerotic vasculopathy are characterized by disruption of the integrity of endothelial monolayer, exposure of the constituents of subendothelial space to the blood flow, recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells into the vascular wall, vascular inflammation and decreased production of vasoprotective agents [4,5]. An interaction of endothelial cells with T-and B-lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets and numerous immune and inflammatory agents produced by these cells leads toward atherosclerotic plaque formation, its destabilization and rupture [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Familial Mediterranean Fever as an Emerging Clinical Model of Atherogenesis Associated with Low-Grade Inflammation

Yüksel¹,

Ayvazyan²,

Gasparyan³

2010

TOCMJ

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Numerous inflammatory and innate immune pathways are involved in atherogenesis. Elaboration of clinical models of inflammation-induced atherogenesis may further advance our knowledge of multiple inflammatory pathways implicated in atherogenesis and provide a useful tool for cardiovascular prevention. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with profiles of inflammatory markers close to that seen in the general population. In a few recent studies, it has been shown that endothelial dysfunction, increased atherosclerotic burden and activation of platelets accompany attack-free periods of FMF. Colchicine is proved to be useful in suppression of inflammation in FMF. Preliminary basic and clinical studies suggest that this relatively safe drug may be useful for cardiovascular protection in patients with FMF and in the general population. Multinational prospective studies are warranted to further elaborate clinical model of inflammation-induced atherosclerosis associated with FMF.

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“…Importantly, these associations were independent of CRP, which is known for its predictive value in cardiovascular disease [7,102].…”

Section: Supar As a Clinical Marker Of Inflammation And Organ Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor—A valuable biomarker in systemic lupus erythematosus?

Enocsson¹,

Sjöwall²,

Wetterö³

2015

Clinica Chimica Acta

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The expression of uPAR is mainly regulated by growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines like basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin ( suPAR as a clinical marker of inflammation and organ damagePlasma membrane expression of uPAR as well as the levels of circulating suPAR have been investigated in relation to a broad range of conditions and suPAR has been referred to as a "molecular crystal ball" due to its prognostic value in diseases like tuberculosis, HIV, sepsis and cancer [2,6,13,26,58,59]. Further, it has been reported that it reflects overall immune activation and systemic inflammation [2]. suPAR has also emerged as a potential biomarker of fibrosis in chronic liver diseases of diverse etiology [10,11,[60][61][62].Recently, suPAR attracted significant attention in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). data from this pilot study revealed significantly higher suPAR levels among patients with moderately or highly elevated SDI after study inclusion, compared to patients without SDI increase (Figure 2).Furthermore, there were higher death rates among patients in the two groups with SDI increase (Figure 2). However, it is well known that present organ damage predicts further organ damage [17,100], and thus, adjustment for SDI at baseline should be performed to reduce the risk of bias. A stepwise linear multiple regression analysis was therefore performed to evaluate the impact of suPAR on future SDI increase. After adjusting for age, sex and SDI at study inclusion, we found suPAR levels to have a significant impact on future SDI increase (p = 0.005, standardized β = 0.20) whereas SDI at study inclusion was excluded from the model. Since recent studies have revealed an inverse correlation between serum suPAR and glomerular filtration [67,68,96], we also included estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) (calculated by the 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease StudyGroup formula [101]) in the analysis, but eGFR was not retained in the model. From these results, we suggest that suPAR can actually predict organ damage independent of present SDI score or eGFR, but that a prospective study examining the association between suPAR levels at the time of diagnosis with future SDI would be preferable.In line with these findings, elevated suPAR levels have previously been demonstrated to associate with the risk of developing cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes later in life in the general population [7]. Importantly, these associations were independent of CRP, which is known for its predictive value in cardiovascular disease [7,102].7 Potential roles of suPAR in SLE pathogenesisAssessment of circulating suPAR levels at the clinical laboratory could possibly become a future way to estimate organ damage in SLE, and suPAR would be an even more appealing biomarker candidate if the levels could be mechanistically linked to the disease. The pathogenesis of SLE is notoriously complex and not fully understood, but includes disturbances in t...

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The Role of C-Reactive Protein in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview

Cited by 51 publications

References 164 publications

Monomeric CRP contributes to complement control in fluid phase and on cellular surfaces and increases phagocytosis by recruiting factor H

Monomeric CRP contributes to complement control in fluid phase and on cellular surfaces and increases phagocytosis by recruiting factor H

Familial Mediterranean Fever as an Emerging Clinical Model of Atherogenesis Associated with Low-Grade Inflammation

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor—A valuable biomarker in systemic lupus erythematosus?

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